Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a condition in which individuals subjectively perceive a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly memory, despite the absence of objectively measurable changes on standardised tests. SCD is considered a potential early indicator of neurodegenerative processes as it is associated with a twofold increased risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. A decline in theta-gamma coupling (TGC), measured with electroencephalography (EEG), has been reported in the literature as a promising early marker of neurodegenerative processes. Recent research has also increasingly focused on the aperiodic component of the EEG signal, which serves as an indicator of both excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance and pathological changes in the brain. The aim of our study was to investigate the neurophysiological and behavioural characteristics of SCD using EEG to identify early markers of neurodegenerative changes. The study included 28 people with SCD and 30 healthy controls who completed personality and mood questionnaires, and performed an n-back working memory task while EEG was recorded. The analysis encompassed TGC, aperiodic activity, and differences between verbal and spatial working memory. We also examined the potential influence of personality factors, such as neuroticism. Behavioural analyses revealed that individuals with SCD exhibited a faster age-related decline in rapid visual processing, a more impulsive test-taking style, less effective selective attention, and higher neuroticism. EEG analyses of aperiodic and oscillatory activity did not reveal significant differences between the groups or task modalities. However, they did uncover distinctive dynamics in aperiodic activity modulated by working memory load and stimulus type in both groups. Further investigation of the assumptions underlying traditional EEG analyses, specifically in the context of distinguishing between periodic and aperiodic activity, suggested that changes in electrophysiological activity traditionally attributed to theta oscillations are more likely driven by dynamic shifts in the spectral slope of aperiodic activity. Our findings highlight aperiodic activity as an important marker of cognitive processes and adaptation to cognitive demands, contributing to the understanding of the neural basis of cognition and its role in the study of clinical populations.
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