Introduction: Weakness of intrinsic foot muscles may contribute to a variety of foot
deformities and injuries. Supportive footwear can contribute to intrinsic foot muscle
weakness by reducing the role of the muscles in locomotion. Increased activity and strength
of the intrinsic foot muscles could be achieved through the use of minimalist footwear.
Minimalist footwear provides minimal arch support and allows natural foot movement.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of minimalist footwear on the
efficiency of the intrinsic foot muscles. Methods: The literature was searched in English
using the keywords minimalist footwear, minimalist shoes and intrinsic foot muscles in the
PubMed and Science Direct databases. Results: Six articles were included in the more
detailed analysis. There were a total of 281 participants. Patients in the experimental groups
exercised with minimalist footwear. The exercise programmes lasted between 8 weeks and
9 months. In five studies, a statistically significant difference was found between the two
groups for at least one muscle in terms of the efficiency of the intrinsic foot muscles.
Discussion and conclusion: The results show that minimalist footwear during walking or
running has a statistically significant effect on improving the size and strength of the intrinsic
foot muscles. A standardised practise protocol for minimalist footwear would be needed to
facilitate the implementation of minimalist footwear in the clinical setting.
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