Povezava psihosocialnega razvoja s stili starševske vzgoje ter njegovo spodbujanje v relacijski družinski terapiji : doktorska disertacija

Omulec, Andrej (avtor), Cvetek, Robert (mentor)

Doktorska disertacija z naslovom »Povezava psihosocialnega razvoja s stili starševske vzgoje ter njegovo spodbujanje v relacijski družinski terapiji« raziskuje povezavo psihosocialnega razvoja s stili starševske vzgoje ter spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj procesa terapije po paradigmi relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije. Teoretični del se nanaša na sledeče ugotovitve: * Razvoj osebnosti poteka z vidika 8 stadijev in faz po Eriksonu * Vzgojni stili staršev so pomembni z vidika lažjega razumevanja notranjih konstruktov primarnih odnosov, ki so ključni za analizo temeljnega afekta. * Navezanost, partnerski odnos, družinsko okolje in dinamika v njem so ostali pomembni dejavniki, ki pripomorejo k psihosocialnemu razvoju posameznika. * RZDT gleda na posameznika celostno, kar pomeni, da obravnava njegovo osebnost, doživljanje in delovanje. Odnosi so ključni segment za analizo psihične strukture posameznika. Spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj paradigme relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije tako služi kot temelj za drugi del raziskave. Raziskovalni del naloge vsebuje dva kvantitativna dela. V prvem delu raziskave sta sodelovala 502 udeleženca, vključena v splošni del, v katerem raziskujemo povezanost med psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika in primarno starševsko vzgojo. Uporabili smo dva vprašalnika, od tega eden meri tri vzgojne stile: permisivni, avtoritarni in avtoritativni vzgojni stil staršev (angl. Parental Authority Questionnaire for the Mother's and Father's Parenting Style-PAQ) avtorja J. R. Burija (1991). Drugi vprašalnik pa se nanaša na stadije psihosocialnega razvoja dveh avtorjev, Wessmana in Ricksa (1966; po Lamovec 1994). Pri zasledovanju materinega in očetovega starševskega vzgojnega stila (avtoritaren, permisiven ali avtoritativen) v povezavi s fazami psihosocialnega razvoja in specifičnimi značilnostmi posamezne faze smo ugotovili, da pri posamezniku, ki je bil deležen avtoritarnega vzgojnega stila s strani matere, obstaja večja verjetnost, da težje preide posamezne razvojne faze in se v naslednjih fazah sooča z več nezaupanja, sramom, dvomom, krivdo v zgodnjem otroštvu, difuznostjo vlog v puberteti in izolacijo v fazi mlade odrasle osebe. Posamezniki s permisivnim maternim vzgojnim stilom imajo več možnosti, da se pri psihosocialnem razvoju skozi faze soočajo z večjim nezaupanjem, krivdo, manjvrednostjo, difuznostjo vloge ter izolacijo v fazi mlade odrasle osebe. Obstaja trend, da posamezniki s permisivnim vzgojnim stilom matere v ranem otroštvu gradijo zaupanje, v nadaljnjem psihosocialnem razvoju pa se soočajo z nezaupanjem. Posamezniki z avtoritarnim vzgojnim stilom očeta imajo večjo možnost oteženega prehoda med posameznimi fazami psihosocialnega razvoja. V ranem otroštvu imajo posamezniki s permisivnim vzgojnim stilom večjo verjetnost razvoja povečanega zaupanja, hkrati pa v nadaljnjem razvoju možnost razvoja občutka nezaupanja, sramu, dvoma, manjvrednosti, difuznost vloge, izolacije ter povečane iniciative in hkrati krivde posameznika v lokomotorno-genitalni fazi. Obstaja trend, da posamezniki z avtoritativnim vzgojnim stilom očeta imajo optimalen prehod v oralno-senzorni fazi, kar pomeni, da obstaja možnost za lažji razvoj zaupanja z manjšim občutkom krivde ter lažjim prehodom skozi obdobje pubertete. Drugi del kvantitativne raziskave zajema 86 udeležencev, razdeljenih na dve skupini po 43 oseb. Prva skupina je bila vključena v proces relacijske in družinske terapije, druga pa ni bila vključena v nikakršno obravnavo. V tem delu doktorske disertacije raziskujemo spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj terapevtskega procesa relacijske in družinske terapije pri posameznikih, ki so vključeni v kontinuirani tedenski proces dvanajstih srečanj, ki jih zagovarja model. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da se je od začetka do konca terapevtskega procesa psihosocialni razvoj skozi faze, merjene z vprašalnikom psihosocialnega razvoja dveh avtorjev, Wessmana in Ricksa (1966; po Lamovec 1994), pomembno izboljšal, razen v fazi mlade odrasle osebe, kjer pa ni prišlo do statistično pomembnih oz. zaznanih sprememb. Posamezniki, ki niso bili vključeni v proces terapije, so na začetku in na koncu merjenja dosegali podobne vrednosti psihosocialnega razvoja, posamezniki, ki so bili vključeni v proces relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije, pa so imeli na začetku bistveno nižji psihosocialni razvoj kot posamezniki v kontrolni skupini, ki pa se je po procesu izenačil ali celo izboljšal. Primerjava med skupino, ki je bila vključena v relacijsko zakonsko in družinsko terapijo in kontrolno skupino, pokaže statistično pomembne razlike, razen v obdobju mlade odrasle osebnosti. Skupina, ki je bila vključena v proces relacijske družinske in zakonske terapije, je v smislu spodbujanja psihosocialnega razvoja presegla kontrolno skupino, za katero je na začetku procesa precej zaostajala. To nakazuje, da RZDT predeluje in spodbuja psihosocialni razvoj v večini faz oz. na večini psihosocialnih področij. Interpretacija rezultatov prvega dela raziskave kaže statistično pomembne povezave med starševskimi vzgojnimi stili in psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika, pri čemer imajo udeleženci pri avtoritativnem pristopu, v zgodnjem otroštvu pa tudi pri permisivnem, največjo možnost za zagotavljanje optimalnega psihosocialnega razvoja. V drugem delu ugotavljamo statistično pomembne razlike med začetkom in koncem merjenja pri posameznikih, ki so bili deležni RZDT, kar pomeni, da se zazna učinek terapevtskega pristopa pri spodbujanju psihosocialnega razvoja posameznika, ki je vključen v proces RZDT. Skupina RZDT in kontrolna skupina se bistveno razlikujeta pri vzgojnem stilu – avtoritarna in permisivna vzgoja matere, pri čemer ugotavljamo, da sta navedena vzgojna stila matere zastopana v bistveno večjem deležu pri skupini, vključeni v RZDT proces. Skupina RZDT je ob prvem merjenju na nižji stopnji psihosocialnega razvoja, po drugem merjenju pa na vseh nivojih psihosocialnega razvoja dohiti kontrolno skupino. Ob koncu drugega merjenja je v muskolarno-analni fazi, lokomotorno-genitalni fazi, v obdobju pubertete – v dimenziji difuznost vlog in v mladi odrasli dobi – dimenzija izolacija zaznati večje odstopanje RZDT skupine v primerjavi s kontrolno.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: psihosocialni razvoj, starševska vzgoja, vzgojni stili, relacijska zakonska in družinska terapija, učinki terapevtskega procesa, spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja
• Vrsta gradiva: Doktorsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
• Organizacija: TEOF - Teološka fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: [A. Omulec]
• Leto izida: 2021
• Št. strani: XIII, 254 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-143931
• UDK: 159.964:316.36:37.01(043.3)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 142344195
• Datum objave v RUL: 20.01.2023

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Encouragement of psychosocial development and its relation to parenting styles in the scope of relational family therapy

Izvleček

The doctoral dissertation entitled »Encouragement of Psychosocial Development and its Relation to Parenting Styles in the Scope of Relational Family Therapy« explores the link between psychosocial development and parenting styles and the promotion of psychosocial development within the therapy process, following the paradigm of relational marriage and family therapy. The theoretical part relates to the following findings: * Personality development takes place in terms of 8 stages and phases according to Erikson. * Parental parenting styles are important in terms of facilitating an understanding of the internal constructs of primary relationships, which are crucial for the analysis of the underlying affect. * Attachment, the partner relationship, the family environment and the dynamics within it are other important factors that contribute to the psychosocial development of the individual. * RMFT takes a holistic view of the individual, which means that it looks at his or her personality, experience and functioning. Relationships are a key segment for analysing the psychological structure of an individual. Promoting psychosocial development within a relational marriage and family therapy paradigm thus serves as the foundation for the second part of the research. The research part of the thesis contains two quantitative parts. The first part of the research involved 502 participants included in the general part, in which the relationship between the psychosocial development of the individual and primary parenting is explored. Two questionnaires were used, one of which measures three parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian and authoritative (Parental Authority Questionnaire for the Mother's and Father's Parenting Style-PAQ) by J. R. Buri (1991). The second questionnaire refers to the stages of psychosocial development according to two authors, Wessman and Ricks (1966; after Lamovec 1994). When tracing the mother's and father's parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive or authoritative) in relation to the stages of psychosocial development and the specific characteristics of each stage, we found that for the individual, who has been exposed to an authoritarian parenting style by his/her mother is more likely to have difficulty in passing through each developmental stage and to face more mistrust, shame, doubt, guilt in early childhood, role diffusion in puberty and isolation in young adulthood. Individuals with a permissive parenting style are more likely to experience more mistrust, guilt, inferiority, role diffusion and isolation in the young adult phase of psychosocial development. Individuals with an authoritarian parenting style of the father are more likely to have difficulties in the transition between the different stages of psychosocial development. Individuals with a permissive parenting style are more likely to develop increased trust in early childhood, but at the same time are more likely to develop feelings of mistrust, shame, doubt, inferiority, role diffusion, isolation and increased initiative as well as guilt in the locomotor-genital phase. There is a trend for individuals with an authoritative parenting style to have an optimal transition in the oral-sensory phase, which means that there is a potential for easier development of trust with a reduced sense of guilt and an easier transition through puberty. The second part of the quantitative research involved 86 participants divided into two groups of 43. The first group was included in the relational and family therapy process, while the second group did not receive any treatment. In this part of the PhD thesis, we investigate the promotion of psychosocial development within the therapeutic process of relational and family therapy in individuals involved in a continuous weekly process of twelve sessions advocated by the model. The study found that from the beginning to the end of the therapeutic process, psychosocial development improved significantly across the phases measured by the Psychosocial Development Questionnaire by the authors Wessman and Ricks (1966; adapted from Lamovec 1994), with the exception of the young adult phase, where there were no statistically significant or perceived changes. Individuals who were not involved in the therapy process had similar psychosocial development scores at baseline and at the end of the measurement, whereas individuals who were involved in the relational marriage and family therapy process had significantly lower psychosocial development than the control group at baseline, but this development levelled off or even improved after the process. A comparison between the RMFT group and the control group shows statistically significant differences, except for the young adult personality period. The RMFT group outperformed the control group in terms of promoting psychosocial development, after having lagged far behind at the beginning of the process. This suggests that relational marriage and family therapy processes and promotes psychosocial development in most stages or in most psychosocial domains. Interpretation of the results of the first part of the study shows statistically significant associations between parenting styles and psychosocial development, with participants experiencing authoritative and permissive approaches in early childhood having the best chance of ensuring optimal psychosocial development. In the second part, we find statistically significant differences between the beginning and end measurements for the individuals who received RMFT, which means that the effect of the therapeutic approach in promoting the psychosocial development of the individual involved in the RMFT process is detected. The RMFT group and the control group differ significantly in terms of the parenting style - authoritarian and permissive mothering - and we note that these two parenting styles are represented in a significantly higher proportion in the group involved in the RMFT process. The RMFT group is at a lower level of psychosocial development at the first measurement, but catches up with the control group at all levels of psychosocial development at the second measurement. At the end of the second measurement, the RMFT group shows a greater discrepancy with the control group in the muscular-anal, the locomotor-genital, and the puberty stages - in the dimension of role diffusion, and in the young adulthood stage - in the dimension of isolation.

• Ključne besede: psychosocial development, parenting, parenting styles, relational marriage and family therapy, effects of the therapeutic process, stimulation