Stavčno zanikanje kot mejnik pri usvajanju slovenščine v zgodnjem obdobju : magistrsko delo

Komprej, Tamara (avtor), Pavlič, Matic (mentor)

Skladenjski proces stavčnega zanikanja nam omogoča spreminjanje resničnostnih pogojev jezikovne izjave – stavka. Dovoljuje nam izražanje neobstoja udeležencev v dogodku, zavrnitve dejanj in preklica trditve, prav tako pa omogoča vrednotenje slovničnosti stavka. Stavčno zanikanje je pomemben mejnik otrokovega jezikovnega usvajanja, saj velja nikalni operator ne za eno najhitreje usvojenih in najpogosteje izraženih funkcijskih besed v otrokovem govoru ter napoveduje prehod iz enobesednega obdobja v dvobesedno obdobje. Jedro nikalne zveze predstavlja nikalni operator 'ne' ali 'ni', ki sam zanika stavek ter stoji pred svojim dopolnilom. Nikalne besede (nihče, nič, nikjer, nikoli) pa niso pomensko negativne besede in stavka ne morejo zanikati same. Zato stojijo ob stavčni nikalnici ter se z njo ujemajo v nikalnosti, kar velja za jezike s strogim nikalnim ujemanjem, kot je tudi slovenščina. Za preverjanje, ali gre v resnici za stavčno zanikanje v slovenščini, se lahko poslužimo dveh testov: (a) testa z rodilnikom zanikanja (rodilnik je slovničen, tožilnik pa ni) ali (b) testa z nikalnimi besedami (če lahko vstavimo nikalno besedo v stavek, to potrjuje prisotnost stavčnega zanikanja). Z zanikanjem lahko izrazimo devet pomenov, ki jih je v otroškem govoru težje ločiti med sabo. Zaradi tega je pojav stavčnega zanikanja povzet v tri večje kategorije: (i) zavrnitev dejanja, (ii) zavrnitev obstoja udeležencev v dejanju in (iii) zavrnitev izjave. Prva kategorija se pojavi okoli 12., 13. oz. 15. meseca starosti. Med 13. in 24. mesecem se v otroškem govoru pojavlja druga kategorija, tretja pa, ko so otroci že zmožni ustvariti dve mentalni reprezentaciji (resničnost in napačni ustreznik). V tem magistrskem delu sem preverjala razumevanje stavčnega zanikanja pri otrocih, starih od 18 do 48 mesecev, ki kot prvi/materni jezik usvajajo slovenščino. V raziskavo in statistično analizo pridobljenih podatkov je bilo vključenih 29 udeležencev iz okolice Raven na Koroškem. Ugotovila sem, da je predpogoj za usvojitev stavčnega zanikanja usvojitev kategorij zavrnitve dejanja in zavrnitve obstoja udeležencev v dejanju. Glede na rezultate naloge povezovanja stavka s sliko usvajanje stavčnega zanikanja poteka postopno, in sicer sorazmerno s kronološko ter jezikovno starostjo. Otroci starosti 30–35 mesecev so v kritičnem obdobju za usvajanje zanikanja prehodnega stavka, zanikanje prehodnega stavka pa je najkasneje v obdobju 42–48 mesecev že usvojeno. Pri tem pa je zanimivo, da je med uspešnostjo reševanja trdilnih in nikalnih stavkov zelo visoka statistično značilna korelacija. Glede na to, da je zanikan stavek bolj kompleksen od trdilnega, iz tega rezultata sklepam, da je razumevanje trdilnih in nikalnih stavkov verjetno usvojeno že prej in na dosežke otrok na obeh vrstah stavkov močno vpliva koncept naloge povezovanja stavka s sliko.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: stavčno zanikanje, resničnostne sodbe, povezovanje stavka s sliko, prehodni stavek, usvajanje jezika, slovenščina.
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Ravne na Koroškem
• Založnik: [T. Kompej]
• Leto izida: 2022
• Št. strani: VI, 46 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-143597
• UDK: 811.163.6(043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 135986947
• Datum objave v RUL: 30.12.2022

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Sentence Negation as a Milestone in the Early Acquisition of Slovene

Izvleček

The syntactic process of sentence negation allows us to change the truth conditions of a proposition encoded in a linguistic statement such as a sentence. It allows us to express non-existence, rejection and prohibition and enables us to evaluate the grammaticality of the sentence. The emergence of sentential negation is an important milestone in children's language acquisition, as the negative operator 'ne' is considered one of the more quickly acquired and most frequently expressed function words in children's speech, it also predicts the transition from a one-word period to a two-word period. The head of the negative conjunction is represented by the negative operator 'ne' or 'ni', which negates the sentence itself and stands in front of its complement. Negative words (nobody, nothing, nowhere, never) are not semantically negative words and cannot negate a sentence by themselves, so they stand next to the negative operator and agree with it in negation, which applies to languages with strict negative agreement, which includes Slovenian. In order to check the occurrence of sentential negation, we can use (a) the genitive of negation test (the genitive case is grammatical, but the accusative case is not) or (b) the negative word test (if we are able to insert a negative word into the sentence, this confirms the presence of sentential negation). We can express nine functions of sentential negation, which are difficult to distinguish from each other in children's speech. For this reason, the phenomenon of sentential negation is summarized into three major categories: (i) refusal or rejection, (ii) disappearance or non-existence or unfulfilled expectation and (iii) denial. The first category appears around the 12th, 13th or 15th month of age. Between the age of 13 and 24 months, the second category appears in children's speech, and the third when children are already able to create two mental representations (reality and false equivalent). In this master's thesis, I tested the understanding of sentential negation in children aged 18 to 48 months. The 29 participants which were included in the research and statistical analysis of the obtained data were from Ravne na Koroškem. I found that the prerequisite for the acquisition of sentence negation is the acquisition of the concept of non-existence. Considering the results of the picture-sentence matching test, acquisition of sentential negation is gradual and proportional to chronological and linguistic age. Children aged from 30 to 35 months are in a critical period for the acquisition of sentential negation, and it's usually already acquired in the period 42–48 months. An interesting note is that there is a very high statistically significant correlation between the success rate of solving affirmative and negative sentences. Given that a negative sentence is more complex than an affirmative one, I've concluded from this result that the understanding of affirmative and negative sentences is probably adopted earlier and that children's achievements on both types of sentences are strongly influenced by the structure of the picture-sentence matching task.

• Ključne besede: sentential negation, reality judgments, sentence-picture matching test, transitional sentence, language acquisition, Slovenian language.