Introduction: Investigations in which there is no harmful ionizing radiation are preferred during pregnancy. These are, in particular, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR). Both, according to the data known so far, have no directly proven harmful effects on the fetus and can be used safely throughout pregnancy. Where tests using ionizing radiation are necessary to diagnose suspicious changes or to limit disease, careful consideration should be given to whether their use justifies the risk of possible fetal damage. A distinction is made between examinations in which the radiation dose is low and relatively safe, such as classical X-ray imaging, and examinations in which the radiation dose is higher than computed tomography (CT). Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to describe the limit doses of ionizing radiation received by pregnant women and the effects and their risks to the fetus, based on a systematic review of the literature. Our goal is to gain a better understanding of the risks and consequences of ionizing radiation on the fetus in exposed patients, as well as guidelines for reducing doses and effects on pregnant occupational exposed women. Methods: When preparing the diploma thesis, we reviewed the relevant literature and used a descriptive method to present the results. Literature was collected from October 2021 to November 2021, mostly in English. Sources are mostly scientific and professional articles that are available in electronic form. Results: After limiting the articles with different inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 14 articles in the joint literature review, from which we extracted key findings. Discussion and conclusion: We found that the effects and risks of ionizing radiation on pregnant patients depend on the time of exposure, gestational age, and radiological examination. Doses less than 50 mGy do not pose a risk of abnormalities are considered negligible compared to baseline risks for all developmental abnormalities. As far as occupational exposure is concerned, a pregnant worker in the radiology department may continue to work provided that the fetal dose does not exceed 1 mSv during the entire pregnancy.
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