Analiza britanskega jezikovnega programa nadomestne in dopolnilne komunikacije: Makaton

Černohorski, Karina Lana (avtor), Kogovšek, Damjana (mentor), Novšak Brce, Jerneja (komentor)

Zmožnost sporazumevanja je za ljudi ena najpomembnejših veščin in predstavlja temelj za vzpostavljanje odnosov. Skupini oseb z motnjami v duševnem razvoju je ta zmožnost pogosto otežena, zato večina teh posameznikov potrebuje katero izmed oblik nadomestne in dopolnilne komunikacije za vse življenje. V Veliki Britaniji je bil v 70-ih letih prejšnjega stoletja za osebe s težavami na področju jezika in komunikacije razvit jezikovni program Makaton, ki pri podpiranju sporazumevanja kombinira govor s kretnjami, privzetimi iz znakovnega jezika, in/ali simboli. Kot uspešno orodje za podpiranje komunikacijskih veščin je bil prenesen in prilagojen za uporabo v več kot 50 državah po svetu. Makaton slovenskemu prostoru ni znan, zato pomeni naše magistrsko delo izhodišče za seznanjanje z uspešnim pristopom ter spodbuditev k razmisleku o spremembah oziroma možnostih izboljšav na področju jezikovnega spodbujanja oseb z motnjami v duševnem razvoju pri nas. Glavni cilj magistrskega dela je opis in predstavitev jezikovnega programa Makaton. Za ta namen je bila s pomočjo polstrukturiranih intervjujev izvedena kvalitativna raziskava z osmimi posameznicami iz Velike Britanije, ki Makaton redno uporabljajo pri svojem delu ali v domačem okolju. Odgovori intervjuvank so analizirani s pomočjo kodiranja ter interpretirani po področjih, ki se nanašajo na: (1) opis jezikovnega programa Makaton; (2) uporabnike Makatona; (3) pridobivanje znanj o Makatonu; (4) prostor uporabe Makatona; (5) vključenost Makatona v izobraževalne ustanove; (6) poučevanje in uporabo Makatona v razredu ter (7) sodelovanje izobraževalnih ustanov s starši uporabnikov Makatona. Uporaba Makatona v britanski praksi je v magistrskem delu povezana s cilji in načeli posebnega vzgojno-izobraževalnega programa v Sloveniji. Na podlagi tega je bila ugotovljena smotrnost aplikacije tovrstnega programa za osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju pri nas. Po načelih posebnega programa vzgoje in izobraževanja je potrebno vsem posameznikom zagotoviti enake možnosti z upoštevanjem različnosti, stremeti k inkluzivnemu okolju ter spodbujati samostojnost oseb s posebnimi potrebami. Vse to so značilnosti jezikovnega programa Makaton. Zaradi njegove vloge v razvoju govora in jezika, multimodalne narave, fleksibilnosti v kombiniranju z drugimi načini nadomestne in dopolnilne komunikacije ter zaradi možnosti individualizacije menimo, da bi bil lahko ob ustreznih pogojih prilagojen tudi za naš vzgojno-izobraževalni prostor za osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2021
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-127994
• COBISS.SI-ID: 65027331
• Datum objave v RUL: 17.08.2021

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: An analysis of british augmentative and alternative communication language programme: Makaton

Izvleček

The ability to communicate is one of the fundamental human skills and the foundation of every relationship. Individuals with severe learning difficulties often find it difficult to interact with others and therefore may require some form of augmentative and alternative communication all their lives. In Great Britain, a language programme – Makaton, was developed in the 1970’s. Makaton improves communication of people with speech and language difficulties by combining signs, taken from sign language, and/or symbols with speech. As an effective method supporting development of communication skills, it has been adapted for use in more than 50 countries. Slovenia is not one of them, therefore it could be a great improvement to introduce Makaton to Slovenian special educational programmes in communication support of children with severe learning disabilities. The main aim of the thesis is to present Makaton and its benefits for children with special needs. Accordingly, a qualitative research was conducted in which 8 female participants, who use Makaton regularly in their daily life at home or at work, were interviewed. Coding was used to analyse the qualitative data gained from the interviews and to interpret established categories: (1) a description of Makaton; (2) Makaton users; (3) learning (about) Makaton; (4) settings in which Makaton is used; (5) implementation of Makaton in an educational institution; (6) teaching Makaton in a classroom; (7) cooperating with parents regarding the use of Makaton. The comparison of the practical use of Makaton, as described in interviews, to objectives and principles of Slovenian special educational programmes, shows the need for a language support programme such as Makaton and the benefits for individuals with learning disabilities in our country. The principles of special education dictate that every individual should have equal possibilities regarding their individual needs, live in an inclusive environment and be supported in their development of independence skills; all of which are described as qualities of the Makaton language programme. Because of its significant role in speech and language development, multimodal nature, compatibility with other types of augmentative and alternative communication, as well as its ability to be personalised, we consider it would be, with appropriate adaptation, extremely beneficial for people with severe learning disabilities in Slovenian special educational programmes.

• Ključne besede: people with learning disabilities