Odnos med konkurenčnim pravom in pravom intelektualne lastnine na primeru sektorja biotehnologije primerjalna perspektiva med ZDA in EU

Frelih, Miha (avtor), Grilc, Peter (mentor)

Konkurenčno pravo in patentno pravo sta za biotehnološko industrijo bistvenega pomena. Od primera Diamond v. Chakrabarty, ko je Vrhovno Sodišče ZDA prvič dovolilo patentiranje organizmov, proizvedenih s človeškim posegom, se je uveljavil trend podeljevanja širokih patentov. Podoben trend je zaznati v Evropi. To lahko omejuje inovacije in ima protikonkurenčne učinke. V biotehnološkem sektorju grožnjo konkurenci predstavljajo patenti s širokim obsegom na inovacijah, ki so rezultat temeljnih predhodnih raziskav, ki lahko vodijo do “anticommons” učinkov. Vodilno vlogo mora prevzeti patentno pravo z omejevanjem obsega patentov na upstream izume. Konkurenčno pravo mora pri tem igrati dopolnilno vlogo, ki je podprta z ekonomsko analizo statičnih in dinamičnih učinkov. Ni enoznačnega odgovora na vprašanje ali je za zaporedno naravo inovacij v biotehnologiji bolj primerna koncentrirana ali bolj konkurenčna tržna struktura. Čeprav obstaja prekrivanje med pravno ureditvijo in pristopi v EU in ZDA, obstajajo tudi razlike. V primeru sodne prakse EU igra pomembno vlogo načelo tržne integracije. Kljub temu, da imata na dolgi rok tako antitrust kot intelektualna lastnina za cilj zviševanje blaginje potrošnikov, so v praksi ti cilji v ZDA v določenih primerih pripeljali do imunitete pravic intelektualne lastnine. V EU so organi zavzeli bolj prilagodljiv pristop, ki ocenjuje okoliščine posameznega primera. Razhajanje v pristopih je posledica različne konkurenčnopravne presoje enostranskih izključevalnih ravnanj. V zvezi z zavrnitvami dobav in primeri na področju bistvenih zmogljivosti so se uveljavila različna stališča o tem, katera sredstva so primerna za zaščito konkurence. Problematika odnosa med pravicami intelektualne lastnine in konkurenčnim pravom se bo še naprej razvijala. Biotehnologija, kot inovativna in kapitalsko intenzivna industrija, ni zgolj posledica pravne ureditve, temveč tudi spodbuja pravni razvoj.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: biotehnologija, pravice intelektualne lastnine, patent, konkurenčno pravo, pravo EU, rule of reason, korist potrošnika, anticommons učinki, skupinske izjeme, prenos tehnologije
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Organizacija: PF - Pravna fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2021
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-125695
• COBISS.SI-ID: 59324931
• Datum objave v RUL: 02.04.2021

FRELIH, Miha, 2021, Odnos med konkurenčnim pravom in pravom intelektualne lastnine na primeru sektorja biotehnologije primerjalna perspektiva med ZDA in EU [na spletu]. Magistrsko delo. [Dostopano 20 junij 2025]. Pridobljeno s: https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?lang=slv&id=125695

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: The Relationship between Competition Law and Intellectual Property Law in the case of the Biotechnology Sector: A Comparative Perspective between the US and the EU

Izvleček

Competition law and patent law are essential for the biotechnology industry. Since the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, when the U.S. Supreme Court first allowed the patenting of organisms produced by human intervention, the trend of granting broad patents took hold. A similar trend can be observed in Europe. This can limit innovation and have anti-competitive effects. In the biotechnology sector, competition is threatened by broad patents on innovations, which are the result of fundamental prior research, which can lead to “anticommons” effects. Patent law must take the lead by limiting the scope of patents on upstream inventions. Competition law must play a complementary role, supported by an economic analysis of static and dynamic effects. There is no simple answer to the question of whether a concentrated or more competitive market structure is more appropriate for the sequential nature of biotechnology innovation. Although there is an overlap between regulation and approaches in the EU and the US, there are also differences. In EU case law, the principle of market integration plays an important role. Although antitrust and intellectual property in the long run both have the goal of increasing consumer welfare, in practice these goals have in some cases led to the immunity of intellectual property rights in the US. In the EU, the authorities have taken a more flexible approach, assessing the circumstances of each case. The divergence in approaches is the result of different competition law assessments of unilateral exclusionary practices. With regard to refusals to deal and cases in the area of essential facilities, differing views have emerged as to which means are appropriate to protect competition. The issue of the relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law will continue to evolve. Biotechnology, as an innovative and capital-intensive industry, is not only a consequence of regulation, but also spurs legal development.

• Ključne besede: biotechnology, intellectual property rights, patent, competition law, EU law, rule of reason, consumer benefit, anticommons effects, block exemptions, technology transfer