Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a new form of digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). The method is based on the formation of about 20,000 droplets formed in a water-oil emulsion, a polymerase chain reaction and final absolute quantification of droplets with a multiplied product. Although the method is applicable in many fields, the scope of the master's thesis was to check if it can also be used in the development of biological substances in the biopharmaceutical industry. For the selection of suitable clones, characterization of copy number, integrity and stability of the transgene plays an important role. For this purpose, the pharmaceutical company Lek d.d. uses the Southern blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), which is sought to be replaced with the newer ddPCR method.
The ddPCR method was first optimised and then tested for its suitability for the genetic characterization of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) clones, used for the production of recombinant proteins - mostly monoclonal antibodies. We tested the analytical parameters of ddPCR for determination of copy number and integrity of inserted transgenes, expression of the light and heavy chain of the antibody in cell lines and the possibility of using ddPCR to quantify residual DNA at different stages of drug purification. DdPCR covers a wide dynamic range of concentration determination for both DNA (4 – 8000 copies/μL) and mRNA samples (8 – 20,000 copies/μL). This is a highly sensitive method, since the detection limit is 1.5 – 3 copies of the target gene/μL in the case of DNA samples and 1.2 copies/μL in the case of RNA samples. The variability of the method for DNA quantification is between 10 and 15% and is slightly higher for the EvaGreen dye compared to TaqMan probes. We compared ddPCR with established methods and demonstrated that ddPCR is a suitable method for determination of transgene copy number, transgene expression and residual DNA concentration. For determination of integrity of inserted transgenes, ddPCR displays a 80% sensitivity, 88% specificity and 82% accuracy compared to the Southern blot method. For the determination of stability of inserted transgenes ddPCR showed a 40% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 70% accuracy, compared to Southern blot. Thus ddPCR represents a suitable method for determination of transgene integrity and copy number during the clone screening process, as it is faster and in the case of copy number determination also more accurate. To be used for transgene stability determination, ddPCR needs further optimisation.
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