The largest part of a human microbiome, named gut microbiome, is located in an intestine. It includes mostly bacteria, but also yeast and viruses. A host establishes a symbiosis with various microorganisms and provide them with a stable environment and nutrients. On the other hand, microbiome plays an important metabolic, immunological and protective function. The composition of an intestinal microbiome can be affected by various external and internal factors. One of the most important is diet, which has a significant impact on the development and composition of the adult’s mature microbiota especially in the first three years of life. While vaginal birth and breast feeding is a gold standard for development of a new-borns’ healthy microbiota, we can hardly speak about the ‘healthy microbiota’ even after its stabilization. The reason is, that microbiome in each individual establish homeostasis according to other factors. Fibre, indigestible for humans, is a key nutrient that helps to enrich intestinal microbiome. An increasing number of researchers are also focusing on the impact of proteins and fat, but no clear conclusions have yet been made. Furthermore, the adverse effects on the microbiome of antibiotics and additives on a microbiome can no longer be ignored. Due to its high plasticity an intestinal microbiome has been able to adapt to dietary and lifestyle changes, throughout its evolution. But the increase in the incidence of many modern diseases can be associated with the detrimental changes of the mentioned underlying factors. Namely, dietary changes such as diet low in fibre is leading to a decreased bacterial diversity and a microbiome disbiosis, changes that are often observed in people suffering from a myriad of different (modern) diseases. That is why we are increasingly paying attention to diets, including fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics, so that we could establish and maintain a balanced microbiota.
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