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The role of dispersal in spider speciation, distribution, and patterns of species richness focusing on long-jawed spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) of the Caribbean archipelago
ID Čandek, Klemen (Author), ID Kuntner, Matjaž (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window, ID Agnarsson, Ingi (Comentor)

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Abstract
Dispersal is an organismal attribute that shapes biodiversity and affects species distributions. Island systems, a limited area with discrete units separated by barriers to gene flow, pose as excellent arenas to study dispersal. Here, we focus on the Caribbean spiders from Tetragnathidae family, but we expand our research wider to all spiders. In four standalone studies we use phylogenetic, biogeographic and machine learning approaches to look for general patterns of interaction among species richness, biogeographic histories, dispersal abilities and among other factors that potentionally influence biodiverstiy. First, we investigate the biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha spiders (Tetragnathidae). Our results suggest Cyrtognatha colonized the Caribbean by overwater dispersal in mid-Miocene. Moreover, we recover Cyrtognatha as a young clade, containing exclusively single island endemic species of putatively poor dispersal abilities. Second, we reconstruct Caribbean Tetragnatha biogeography in the context of global Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae) distribution. These results suggest that Tetragnatha repeatedly and independently colonized the Caribbean on multiple occasions. We find Tetragnatha unique among the arachnids explored so far. Tetragnatha comprises some species that are excellent dispersers, and others that are not, perhaps having secondarily lost this dispersal propensity. Tetragnatha thus represent a complex combination of attributes of a ‘dynamic disperser’. In the third study, we investigate a biogeographic imprint of a more conventional excellent disperser, Trichonephila clavipes (Nephilidae), on the Caribbean. The results are consistent with a single species of T. clavipes across the Caribbean that also maintains a lively gene flow with North America. However, T. clavipes from Central and South America likely represent one or even two cryptic species. Finally, we search for the best predictors of species richness of spider genera among 22 variables from their morphological, genetic, geographic, ecological and behavioral landscapes. The results from Random forest and Multiple correspondence analysis suggest that small body size and wide geographic ranges best predict high species richness. However, the most prominent attribute associated with dispersal in spiders - ballooning, holds little predictive power for species richness. By studying and comparing biogeographic patterns of three distinct types of dispersers we provide preliminary support for the intermediate dispersal model (IDM) of biogeography. IDM predicts that taxonomic ranks with species of intermediate dispersal abilities will be the most diverse within the archipelago. However, we note that a priori categorization of dispersal ability is an oversimplification. Dispersal ability of taxa is likely a continuous trait, one which is particularly hard to quantify, and is highly susceptible to changes under evolutionary pressures. While we uncover the effect of dispersal on species richness of Cyrtognatha, Tetragnatha and Trichonephila, we also identify other attributes associated with species richness in 45 diverse spider genera and expose body size as a good predictor of species richness in spiders.

Language:English
Keywords:dispersal, biogeography, species richness, phylogeny, Tetragnathidae
Work type:Doctoral dissertation
Organization:BF - Biotechnical Faculty
Year:2018
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-105983 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:930679 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:10.01.2019
Views:1559
Downloads:579
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Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Title:Vloga disperzije pri speciaciji, razširjenosti in vzorcih vrstne pestrosti pajkov s poudarkom na čeljustarjih (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) Karibskega otočja
Abstract:
Disperzija je lastnost organizmov, ki pomembno vpliva na biodiverziteto in razporeditev vrst v prostoru. Otoški sistemi predstavljajo odlično območje za študij disperzije. Taki sistemi so prostorsko omejeni, morje pa predstavlja različno težavno prepreko za genski pretok kopenskih organizmov. V disertaciji se osredotočamo na karibske pajke iz družine Tetragnathidae, vendar pajke raziskujemo tudi širše. V štirih samostojnih študijah, v katerih uporabljamo filogenetske in biogeografske pristope ter algoritem strojnega učenja, raziskujemo odnose med vrstno pestrostjo, biogeografijo in disperzijskimi zmožnostmi ter številne druge lastnosti organizmov in njihov potencialni vpliv na biodiverziteto. V prvi študiji raziskujemo biogeografijo pajkov iz rodu Cyrtognatha (Tetragnathidae). Na podlagi rezultatov ugotovimo, da je Cyrtognatha naselila Karibe z disperzijo preko morja verjetno sredi Miocena. Cyrtognatha je mlad klad, ki ga na Karibih tvorijo vrste, endemične za posamezni otok. Cyrtognatha izkazuje lastnosti taksona s slabimi zmožnosti disperzije. V drugem delu raziskujemo biogeografijo rodu Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae) s področja Karibov in širše. Rezultati nam razkrijejo, da je Tetragnatha verjetno večkrat in neodvisno naselila Karibe. Ugotovimo tudi, da Tetragnatha predstavlja edinstven primer med do sedaj preučevanimi pajkovci. Rod Tetragnatha namreč sestavljajo vrste z izjemnimi disperzijskimi zmožnostmi in tudi take z zelo omejenimi. Slednje so v času evolucije verjetno sekundarno izgubile visoko zmožnost disperzije. Tetragnatha tako predstavlja kompleksne lastnosti, ki jih definiramo kot lastnosti ''taksona z dinamičnimi zmožnostmi disperzije''. V tretji študiji raziskujemo biogeografski vzorec taksona s ''klasičnimi'' odličnimi zmožnostmi disperzije, vrsto Trichonephila clavipes iz družine Nephilide. Ugotovimo, da populacije na Karibih in v severni Ameriki predstavljajo isto vrsto in med otoki ter kontinentom vzdržujejo živahen genski pretok. Odkrijemo tudi, da populacije T. clavipes v centralni in južni Ameriki odstopajo od tistih na Karibih in v severni Ameriki ter verjetno predstavljajo novo ali celo več novih vrst. V četrtem delu disertacije se osredotočimo na izbiro najboljše spremenljivke za napovedovanje vrstne pestrosti. Z algoritmom Random forest in multiplo korespondenčno analizo preučimo 22 spremenljivk s področja morfologije, geografije, genetike, ekologije in vedenja. Ugotovimo, da majhna telesna velikost in široka geografska razširjenost najbolje pojasnita visoko vrstno pestrost znotraj rodov pajkov. Presenetljivo je, da z našim naborom podatkov ne odkrijemo potenciala za napovedovanje vrstne pestrosti preko prisotnosti ali odsotnosti jadranja na zračnih tokovih, vedenjske spremenljivke, najočitneje povezane z disperzijo pri pajkih. Z raziskavami in primerjavami biogeografskih vzorcev treh skupin pajkov, ki predstavljajo tri specifične tipe disperzijskih zmožnosti, delno podpremo model srednje disperzije (IDM). Ta model predvideva, da bodo rodovi, katerih vrste imajo srednje dobre zmožnosti disperzije, na otoškem sistemu vrstno najštevilčnejši. Ugotovimo tudi, da je tako razvrščanje disperzijskih zmožnosti preveč poenostavljeno. Disperzijske zmožnosti so verjetno bolj zvezna spremenljivka, so izredno zahtevne za kvantifikacijo ter podvržene spremembam zaradi evolucijskih pritiskov. Poleg tega, da opazimo vpliv disperzijskih zmožnosti na vrstno pestrost pri rodovih Cyrtognatha, Tetragnatha in Trichonephila, identificiramo še druge lastnosti, povezane z vrstno pestrostjo pri 45 rodovih pajkov in izpostavimo majhno telesno velikost kot dobro spremenljivko za napovedovanje vrstne pestrosti pri pajkih.

Keywords:disperzija, biogeografija, vrstna pestrost, filogenija, Tetragnathidae

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