Pristojnosti predsednika Ruske federacije v razmerju do federalnih enot

Špiler, Žiga (author), Grad, Franc (mentor)

Za ruski sistem organizacije državne oblasti je značilna močno okrepljena izvršilna oblast. Na čelu te veje oblasti stoji predsednik države, ki ima zelo velike pristojnosti na vseh področjih delovanja države. Vzrok za takšna pooblastila je nedvomno velikost Ruske federacije, ki v povsem demokratičnem sistemu ne bi mogla obstati in bi nedvomno razpadla, kot se je to zgodilo s Sovjetsko zvezo. Tudi sam razvoj Rusije je imel velik vpliv na položaj predsednika. Obstoj carstva do začetka 20. stoletja in kasneje vodenje države s strani komunistične partije sta pustila svoj pečat na sistemu delitve oblasti. Ruski predsednik danes tako predstavlja neke vrste naslednika carja in ima, primerjalno gledano, celo večjo moč in večje pristojnosti, kot jih ima predsednik Združenih držav Amerike. Po predstavitvi osnovnih pojmov me bo zanimal predvsem odnos med predsednikom in federalnimi enotami. Rusija je namreč organizirana kot federacija. Značilnost te ureditve predstavlja asimetrični federalizem, kar pomeni, da imajo federalne enote znotraj Rusije različno stopnjo samostojnosti. Ta samostojnost federalnih enot je od razpada Sovjetske zveze predstavljala glavno temo spora med zvezo in federalnimi enotami. Federalne enote so težile k še večji samostojnosti, nekatere celo k odcepitvi od Ruske federacije, zveza pa je želela državo obdržati enotno. To je tudi eden izmed glavnih razlogov, zakaj ima predsednik tako velike pristojnosti tudi nasproti federalnim subjektom. Predsednik ima namreč mnogo orožij, s katerimi nadzoruje federalne enote in po potrebi celo ukinja njihove akte, če so le ti v nasprotju z ustavo in zveznimi zakoni. Ima tudi velike pristojnosti na upravnem področju, saj lahko v določenih primerih odstavi lokalno izvoljene voditelje. Prav tako imenuje predstavnike v zvezna okrožja, ki nadzorujejo vodenje politike federalnih enot in o morebitnih kršitvah poročajo direktno predsedniku Ruske federacije. Predsednik ima torej v odnosu do federalnih subjektov netipično velike pristojnosti, katere pa zagotavljajo red in spoštovanje osnovnih pravil v državi.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Predsednik Ruske federacije, položaj federalnih subjektov, asimetrična federacija, pristojnosti predsednika v federalnih enotah
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2017
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-92526
• COBISS.SI-ID: 15687249
• Publication date in RUL: 07.06.2017

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Powers of the President of the Russian Federation in Relation to the Federal Units

Abstract

The main characteristic of the Russian constitutional system is a highly strengthened executive branch. The President is at the head of the executive branch and has extensive powers in all areas of state activity. The reason for such powers is undoubtedly the size of the Russian Federation which could not survive and would inevitably disintegrate in a completely democratic system as was the case with the Soviet Union. The development of Russia also had a significant influence on the current position of the Russian President. The existence of the Russian Empire until the early 20th century and later governance by the Communist Party have left their mark on the system of separation of powers. Today, the Russian President represents some kind of successor to the Tsar and has comparatively even more and greater powers than the President of the United States. Following the introduction of the basic concepts, the master’s degree thesis shall concentrate especially on the relationship between the President and the federal units. The main feature of the Russian system is asymmetrical federalism, which means that the federal units in Russia have varying degrees of autonomy. This autonomy or independence of federal subjects represented a major topic of dispute between the Federation and the federal units since the collapse of the Soviet Union. On one hand, the federal entities were pressing to have greater autonomy, whereas some of them even wanted a succession from the Russian Federation, while on the other hand the Federation wanted to keep the country unified. This is also one of the primary reasons why the President has such extensive powers opposite to federal subjects. The President has in fact many different ways to monitor the functioning of the federal units and, if necessary, even abolish their acts if they are in conflict with the Constitution or federal laws. He also has major powers in administrative matters, where in certain cases he can remove locally elected governors. His competencies also allow him to appoint his representatives to the federal districts in order to supervise policy making in federal subjects. The representatives report potential violations directly to the President of the Russian federation. Therefore the President has atypically strong competencies in relation to federal entities, which provide for respect and obedience towards the basic rules of the country.

• Keywords: President of the Russian federation, the position of the federal subjects, asymmetrical federalism, presidential powers in the federal units