Obnova svinčevo-kislinskih baterij

POTOČNIK, ALJAŽ (author), Fišer, Rastko (mentor)

V diplomski nalogi je obravnavana svinčevo-kislinska baterija. Opisana je zgodovina in razvoj skozi čas, predvidena življenjska doba ob pravilnem rokovanju in vzdrževanju, podane pa so tudi nove možnosti podaljšanja življenjske dobe. Posebna pozornost je posvečena industrijskim trakcijskim baterijam, saj pomenijo lastnikom visok strošek nakupa in v primeru slabega delovanja zastoje v proizvodnem procesu. V diplomski nalogi so našteti vsi sestavni deli svinčevo-kislinskih baterij in osnovni uporabljeni materiali v notranjosti celic: aktivne plošče, nosilne konstrukcije, separatorji ter ohišja celic. Celice so osnovni gradniki baterij, od njih je odvisna zmogljivosti baterije kot celote. Podroben pregled kemičnega dogajanja v celicah razkrijejo kemične reakcije med polnjenjem in praznjenjem baterije. Na neustrezno intenziteto reakcij in s tem posledično možen pojav težav pa vplivajo mejne vrednosti tokov in napetosti, ki so posledica nepravilnega delovanja polnilne naprave ali delovnega stroja. Eno glavnih poglavij te diplomske naloge je pregled razlogov za upad kapacitete baterije. Vzroki in napake lahko izhajajo že iz proizvodnje baterij, večinoma pa nastanejo ob uporabi, torej so odvisne od načina dela, od vzdrževanja, servisiranja ali pa so normalna posledica neustavljivega staranja baterije. Možnosti napak ter njihovih posledic je veliko. Večino teh napak je možno preprečiti ali vsaj omejiti, vendar je trenutno v Sloveniji premalo splošno dostopnega znanja in navodil za vzdrževanje ter rokovanje z baterijami. Trenutno najboljši način podaljševanja življenjske dobe trakcijskih baterij je BSI tehnologija, ki obsega čiščenje notranjosti vseh celic, elektronsko vzbujanje oz. desulfatizacija ter uporaba aditiva za zaščito aktivnih plošč. Več kot 80% vseh oslabelih baterij v električnih viličarjih je mogoče na ta način kvalitetno obnoviti. Če se lastnik odloči za BSI obnovo preden je baterija resnično povsem uničena in neprimerna za uporabo, so rezultati odlični in obnova baterije je smiselna tako s finančnega vidika kot tudi zaradi trajnega izboljšanja zmogljivosti delovanja viličarja. V zadnjem delu diplomske naloge je opisan postopek testiranj BSI obnove, kot nove tehnologije, ter učinkovitost BSI aditiva za zaščito aktivnih plošč v celicah. Prikazani so rezultati hitrih testiranj življenjske dobe, kjer je razvidno, da ima celica z dodanim BSI aditivom mnogo manjši upad kapacitete in s tem tudi mnogo daljšo življenjsko dobo v primerjavi s celico brez dodanega BSI aditiva.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Ključne besede: Svinčevo-kislinske baterije, akumulator, obnova, aditiv, življenjska doba, desulfatizacija, regeneracija, žveplena kislina, podaljšanje življenjske dobe.
• Work type: Undergraduate thesis
• Organization: FE - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
• Year: 2016
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-83531
• Publication date in RUL: 16.06.2016

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Renewal of lead-acid batteries

Abstract

The thesis presents lead acid batteries. It describes the history, estimated battery lifetime with correct handling and maintainance. There are also shown new possibilities for life extension. Special attention is given to the industrial traction batteries because they represent a high cost to the owner and in case of poor preformance can lead to delays in production process. In this thesis, all components of lead acid batteries are listed. The base materials used in the interior of the cells are active plates, grid, separators and cell housing. Cells are the basic building blocks and the battery as whole depends on quality of each cell. A detailed overview of chemical process in cells is shown by a chemical reactions during battery charging and discharging. Inappropriate intensity of the reactions and consequently the possible existence for potencial problems is affected by the limit values of current and voltage, as a result of incorrect operation of the charger or the machine. One of the main chapters of this thesis is an overview of reasons for the capacity reduction in batteries. Althought errors can derive from the manufacturing, most problems can be ascribed to incorrect use, that is correlated with the working methods, maintenance, servicing or they are normal result of the ongoing battery aging process. Most of these failures can be prevented or at least limited, but a big lack of knowledge is currently in Slovenia, lack of instructions for battery maintenance and handling. Currently the best way for the lifetime extention of the traction batteries is BSI technology with refurbishment, which includes interior cleaning of all cells, desulphation and additive adding to protect the active plates. More than 80% of all deteriorated batteries in electric forklifts can be restored in this way. If the owner decides for BSI refurbishment before the battery is fully damaged and unsuitable for use, then the results are excellent and the refurbishment makes sense both from the financial perspective and the improvement in the performance capabilities of the forklift. The last part of diploma thesis describes testing of BSI refurbishment process and efficiency of the additive, which is used to protect the active plates. Results of the accelerated battery lifetime testing prove that the cell with BSI additive have much lower capacity reduction and much longer lifetime than the battery without BSI additive.

• Keywords: Keywords: Lead-acid battery, refurbishment, additive, lifetime, desulfatisation, regeneration, sulfuric acid, lifetime extension.