Vpliv ionizirajočega sevanja na DNK : diplomsko delo

Bislimi, Rinesa (author), Omerzel, Maša (mentor), Žager Marciuš, Valerija (reviewer)

Uvod: Ionizirajoče sevanje je prisotno v naravi ter se široko uporablja v medicini, industriji in raziskavah. Njegova glavna tarča v celici je deoksiribonukleinska kislina, kjer lahko povzroča različne vrste poškodb, predvsem enojne in dvoverižne prelome. Obseg poškodb je odvisen od vrste sevanja, doze in hitrosti doze. Razumevanje teh procesov je pomembno za pojasnjevanje bioloških učinkov sevanja in njegovo varno uporabo v medicini, predvsem v radioterapiji. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s sistematičnim pregledom literature raziskati vpliv ionizirajočega sevanja na deoksiribonukleinsko kislino ter analizirati mehanizme nastanka poškodb in celični odziv nanje. Poseben poudarek je na vplivu različnih vrst sevanja, doze in hitrosti doze ter na razlikah v odzivu med zdravimi in tumorskimi celicami. Metode dela: Metodološki pristop temelji na deskriptivni metodi sistematičnega pregleda literature. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz znanstvenih baz PubMed, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals in Google Učenjak. Vključeni so bili članki v angleškem jeziku, objavljeni po letu 2021 in dostopni v polnem besedilu. Po sistematičnem pregledu naslovov, izvlečkov in celotnih besedil je bilo v končno analizo vključenih 18 znanstvenih virov. Rezultati: Rezultati sistematičnega pregleda literature kažejo, da različne vrste ionizirajočega sevanja pomembno vplivajo na stopnjo in kompleksnost poškodb deoksiribonukleinske kisline. Sevanje z visokim linearnim prenosom energije povzroča bolj kompleksne in težje popravljive poškodbe v primerjavi s sevanjem z nizkim linearnim prenosom energije. Pomembno vlogo imata tudi doza in hitrost doze, saj vplivata na pogostost poškodb ter učinkovitost popravljalnih mehanizmov. Ugotovljene so bile tudi razlike v odzivu med zdravimi in tumorskimi celicami, pri čemer tumorske celice pogosto izkazujejo spremenjene popravljalne poti in večjo genomsko nestabilnost. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovitve pregleda literature poudarjajo pomen razumevanja mehanizmov nastanka in popravljanja poškodb deoksiribonukleinske kisline za varno in učinkovito uporabo ionizirajočega sevanja v medicini. Poznavanje razlik v odzivu zdravih in tumorskih celic lahko prispeva k izboljšanju radioterapevtskih pristopov ter zmanjšanju poškodb zdravih tkiv. Nadaljnje raziskave so potrebne za poglobljeno razumevanje celičnega odziva na sevanje in optimizacijo terapevtskih strategij.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: diplomska dela, radiološka tehnologija, ionizirajoče sevanje, poškodbe deoksiribonukleinske kisline, radiobiologija
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [R. Bislimi]
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: IX, 33 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-187438
• UDC: 616-07
• COBISS.SI-ID: 290763011
• Publication date in RUL: 11.09.2026

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The effect of ionizing radiation on DNA : diploma work

Abstract

Introduction: Ionizing radiation is present in nature and is widely used in medicine, industry, and research. Its primary target in the cell is deoxyribonucleic acid, where it can induce various types of damage, most commonly single- and double-strand breaks. The extent of damage depends on the type of radiation, dose and dose rate. Understanding these processes is essential for explaining the biological effects of radiation and ensuring its safe use in medicine, especially in radiotherapy. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to investigate, through a systematic literature review, the effects of ionizing radiation on deoxyribonucleic acid and to analyze the mechanisms of damage formation and the cellular response to it. Particular emphasis was placed on the influence of different radiation types, dose and dose rate, as well as differences in response between healthy and tumor cells. Methods: The methodological approach was based on a descriptive method using a systematic literature review. The literature was obtained from the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals, and Google Scholar. Primarily, articles published in English after 2021 and available in full text were included. After stepwise filtering and reviewing titles, abstracts, and full texts, a total of 18 scientific articles were included in the final analysis. Results: The results show that different types of ionizing radiation significantly influence the extent and complexity of damage to deoxyribonucleic acid, with high linear energy transfer radiation causing more complex and less repairable damage compared to low linear energy transfer radiation. Dose and dose rate also play an important role, as they affect the frequency of damage and the efficiency of repair mechanisms. Differences were also observed between healthy and tumor cells, with tumor cells often exhibiting altered repair pathways and increased genomic instability. Discussion and conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of understanding the mechanisms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage formation and repair for the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in medicine. Knowledge of differences in the response of healthy and tumor cells may contribute to the improvement of radiotherapy approaches and the reduction of damage to healthy tissues. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of cellular responses to radiation and to optimize therapeutic strategies.

• Keywords: diploma theses, radiologic technology, ionizing radiation, damage to deoxyribonucleic acid, radiobiology