Refining serological scores in rheumatoid arthritis classification : an international study

Van Hoovels, Lieve (author), Čučnik, Saša (author), Steiner, Günter (author), Bossuyt, Xavier (author)

Background In the American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Rheumatology Associations 2010 classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) are assigned the same weight, although ACPA have proven more specific than RF. We aimed to refine the serological weight factors for RA classification. Materials and methods Diagnostic samples from 398 patients with RA and 448 diseased controls (DC) were evaluated with RF and ACPA assays from five different manufacturers. A grid search was conducted across all possible integer score pairs for RF and ACPA to identify the weighting combination that optimised the specificity of RA classification. This combination was applied in a refined scoring system (RSS) for three confirmatory cohorts comprising, respectively, 67, 157 and 132 patients with RA and 441, 153 and 193 DC. Findings In the investigative cohort, the optimal combination of weighting scores was characterised by higher scores for ACPA, higher antibody levels and double RF/ACPA positivity. Applying the optimal combination of weighting scores decreased misclassification compared with the 2010 RA classification criteria, minimally affecting sensitivity. For seropositive patients, RSS significantly lowered misclassification from 38.3–55.8% to 15.0–26.9%. The improved specificity of RSS (compared with the 2010 criteria) was validated in the confirmatory cohorts. Considering only seropositive patients, the RSS significantly decreased RA misclassification (8.6–36.8% vs 20.0–78.9%), minimally affecting the sensitivity (86.7–97.3% vs 86.7–96.0%). Interpretation Serological weight factors for RA classification can be improved by taking into account the antibody type, the antibody levels and single or combined positivity. The application of an RSS reduced the number of RA misclassifications.

• Language: English
• Keywords: anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, rheumatoid arthritis, classification, rheumatoid factor
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: 10 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 12, iss. 3, art. e007007
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-186532
• UDC: 616-002
• ISSN on article: 2056-5933
• DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2026-007007
• COBISS.SI-ID: 288286723
• Publication date in RUL: 01.10.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: RMD open
• Publisher: BMJ
• ISSN: 2056-5933
• COBISS.SI-ID: 32418009

Licences

• License: CC BY-NC 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
• Description: A creative commons license that bans commercial use, but the users don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: protitelesa proti citruliniranim proteinskim antigenom, revmatoidni artritis, klasifikacija, revmatoidni faktor

Projects

• Funder: Flemish Gouvernment
• Funding programme: AI Research Program