Učinki kontracepcije in njen vpliv na urogenitalno in črevesno mikrobioto : magistrsko delo

Ošlaj, Iva (author), Zore, Anamarija (mentor), Mlinar, Suzana (reviewer)

Uvod: Kontracepcija predstavlja pomemben del reproduktivnega zdravja žensk. Kljub visoki učinkovitosti razpoložljivih metod ostajajo neželeni učinki eden najpogostejših razlogov za njihovo menjavo ali opustitev. Vse več raziskav nakazuje, da hormonska kontracepcija prek vpliva na mikrobioto učinkuje širše od reproduktivnega sistema. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil preučiti vlogo neželenih učinkov kontracepcije pri izbiri, uporabi in vztrajanju žensk pri izbrani kontracepcijski metodi ter raziskati njihovo povezanost z zaznanimi spremembami vaginalnega, urinarnega in prebavnega zdravja kot možnimi pokazatelji sprememb mikrobiote. Metode dela: Raziskava je temeljila na kvantitativnem raziskovalnem pristopu. Poleg pregleda domače in tuje strokovne ter znanstvene literature, je bila izvedena spletna anketa med 107 ženskami, starimi 18 let in več, ki so kadarkoli uporabljale katerokoli obliko kontracepcije. Naključni vzorec je bil zbran prek spletnih omrežij med 23. 4. in 3. 6. 2026. Podatki so bili analizirani z opisno statistiko in neparametričnimi statističnimi testi. Rezultati: Neželene učinke je navajalo 28% trenutnih uporabnic kontracepcije, pri čemer so bili ti bistveno pogostejši pri hormonskih kot pri nehormonskih metodah (52 % proti 5 %). Najpogosteje so poročale o spremembah razpoloženja (59 %), povečanju telesne mase (53%) in nerednih krvavitvah (47 %). Dobra četrtina anketirank je poročala o spremembah na področju vaginalnega, prebavnega in urinarnega zdravja. Večja intenzivnost neželenih učinkov je bila povezana z nižjim zadovoljstvom in pogostejšo menjavo ali opustitvijo metode. Skoraj tretjina anketirank je bila pred začetkom uporabe slabo ali sploh ni bila seznanjena z možnimi neželenimi učinki. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati kažejo, da neželeni učinki pomembno vplivajo na zadovoljstvo s kontracepcijsko metodo ter njeno menjavo ali opustitev. Zaznane spremembe vaginalnega, urinarnega in prebavnega zdravja nakazujejo možno povezanost hormonske kontracepcije s spremembami mikrobiote, vendar zaradi zasnove raziskave teh povezav ni mogoče neposredno potrditi. Ugotovitve podarjajo pomen individualiziranega kontracepcijskega svetovanja, ki poleg učinkovitosti upošteva tudi neželene učinke, zdravstveno stanje in izkušnje posamezne uporabnice.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: magistrska dela, zdravstvena nega, kontracepcija, neželeni učinki, mikrobiota
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [I. Ošlaj]
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: IX, 62 str., [11] str. pril.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-186459
• UDC: 616-083
• COBISS.SI-ID: 289690371
• Publication date in RUL: 02.09.2026

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Effects of contraception and its impact on the urogenital and intestinal microbiota : master thesis

Abstract

Introduction: Contraception represents an important part of women's reproductive health. Despite the high effectiveness of available methods, side effects remain one of the most common reasons for switching or discontinuing them. A growing body of research suggests that hormonal contraception, through its effect on the microbiota, has effects extending beyond the reproductive system. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis was to examine the role of contraceptive side effects in women's choice, use, and persistence with their selected contraceptive method, and to explore their association with perceived changes in vaginal, urinary, and digestive health as possible indicators of changes in the microbiota. Methods: The research was based on a quantitative research approach. In addition to a review of domestic and foreign professional and scientific literature, an online survey was conducted among 107 women aged 18 and over who had ever used any form of contraception. A random sample was collected via social networks between April 23 and June 3, 2026. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistical tests.Results: Side effects were reported by 28% of current contraceptive users, with these being significantly more common among hormonal than non-hormonal methods (52% vs. 5%). The most frequently reported were mood changes (59%), weight gain (53%), and irregular bleeding (47%). Just over one-quarter of the respondents reported changes related to vaginal, digestive, and urinary health.Greater intensity of side effects was associated with lower satisfaction and more frequent switching or discontinuation of the method. Almost a third of respondents were poorly informed or not informed at all about possible side effects before starting use. Discussion and conclusion: The results show that side effects significantly affect satisfaction with a contraceptive method and its switching or discontinuation. Perceived changes in vaginal, urinary, and digestive health suggest a possible association between hormonal contraception and changes in the microbiota; however, due to the design of the study, these associations cannot be directly confirmed. The findings highlight the importance of individualized contraceptive counseling that, in addition to effectiveness, also takes into account side effects, health status, and the individual experiences of each user.

• Keywords: master theses, nursing care, contraception, side effects, microbiota