The impact of landings and ground reaction forces in artistic gymnastics : a systematic review

Silva, Beatriz (author), Leite, Isaura (author), Gomes, Cristina (author), Campos, Manuel (author), Sousa, Filipa (author), Ávila-Carvalho, Lurdes (author)

There is growing concern about the technical execution of gymnastics landings due to the repeated impacts experienced by gymnasts and their potential consequences. Most artistic gymnastics exercises conclude with a landing, during which gymnasts are subjected to very high ground reaction forces. This review aimed to identify and synthesize the available scientific literature on landing techniques across different apparatuses in artistic gymnastics. Research was conducted between May 11 and 21, 2022, using four databases - Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and PubMed - identified 16 relevant articles after excluding duplicates and articles flagged as ineligible by automation tools. The sport requires more specific research to provide specialists and coaches with comprehensive knowledge about the characteristics of landings on all four apparatuses, and to offer guidance on improving these movements within training contexts. Further investigation into physical preparation and optimal conditions for landing execution is essential. Increasing both the quantity and quality of information could equip coaches with more effective tools for practice, ultimately contributing to the advancement of gymnastics.

• Language: English
• Keywords: sport, gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, landings, ground reaction forces, biomechanics
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: Str. 17-34, 157
• Numbering: Vol. 17, iss. 1
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-183689
• UDC: 796.41
• ISSN on article: 1855-7171
• DOI: 10.52165/sgj.17.1.17-34
• COBISS.SI-ID: 230065923

Copyright

Podatek o licenci CC BY-SA 4.0 je naveden na pristajalni strani članka (glej zgoraj izvorni URL). (Datum opombe: 19. 6. 2026)

• Publication date in RUL: 19.06.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Science of gymnastics journal
• Publisher: University of Ljubljana Press, Slovenia (Založba Univerze v Ljubljani)
• ISSN: 1855-7171
• COBISS.SI-ID: 246418176

Licences

• License: CC BY-SA 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Description: This Creative Commons license is very similar to the regular Attribution license, but requires the release of all derivative works under this same license.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Title: Vpliv sil reakcije tal pri doskokih v orodni telovadbi : sistematični pregled

Abstract

Zaradi ponovljenih sunkov sile ob doskoku, ki jih doživljajo telovadci, in njihovih morebitnih posledic, se pojavlja vse več skrbi glede tehnične izvedbe doskokov pri telovadbi. Večina prvin v orodni telovadbi se zaključi z doskokom, pri katerem so telovadci izpostavljeni zelo visokim silam reakcije tal. Namen tega pregleda je bil prepoznati in strniti razpoložljive znanstvene vire o tehnikah doskokov na različnih orodjih pri orodni telovadbi. Raziskava je bila izvedena med 11. in 21. majem 2022, pri čemer so bili uporabljeni štirje sklopi podatkov - Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO in PubMed. Po izključitvi podvojenih člankov, označenih kot neustreznih s strani samodejnih orodij, je bilo prepoznanih 16 ustreznih člankov. Šport zahteva več podrobnih raziskav, da bi strokovnjakom in vaditeljem zagotovili celovito znanje o značilnostih doskokov na vseh štirih orodjih ter jim ponudili smernice za izboljšanje teh gibov v okviru vadb. Nadaljnje raziskovanje telesne priprave in najprimernejših pogojev za izvedbo doskoka je ključno. Povečanje tako količine kot kakovosti podatkov bi vaditelje opremilo z bolj učinkovitimi orodji za vadbo, kar bi v pripomoglo k napredku telovadbe.

• Keywords: šport, orodna telovadba, gimnastika, doskoki, sila reakcijske podlage, biomehanika