Prediction of specific energy consumption in sustainable milling of Ti-6Al-4V with different machine learning models

Cica, Djordje (author), Tešić, Saša (author), Sredanović, Branislav (author), Vujasin, Dejan (author), Zeljković, Milan (author), Pušavec, Franci (author), Kramar, Davorin (author)

Research on eco-friendly and energy-efficient machining processes has gained significant importance within the domain of sustainable production. This study is focused on enhancing the energy performance and sustainability of the milling process. Four machine learning (ML) models, namely, multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), were proposed to estimate specific energy consumption (SEC) in the milling of Ti6-Al4-V under two eco-benign cooling conditions: cryogenic and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Several statistical metrics, including normalized mean absolute error (nMAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), maximum absolute percentage error (maxAPE), coefficient of determination (R2), andWillmott’s index of agreement (IA), were employed to validate the performances of the ML models. A high level of agreement between the predicted and experimental SEC data for both the training and test datasets supports the reliability of the proposed ML models. Although the MLR model performed well, the results revealed that the other ML models demonstrated better overall performance. According to the statistical metrics, the models’ predictive performance improved in the following sequence: MLR, SVR, GPR, and finally ANFIS, which demonstrated the highest predictive capability.

• Language: English
• Keywords: machine learning, specific energy consumption, sustainable machining
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FS - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: 18 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 16, issue 3, art. 266
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182896
• UDC: 621.937:004.85
• ISSN on article: 2075-4701
• DOI: 10.3390/met16030266
• COBISS.SI-ID: 279565827
• Publication date in RUL: 27.05.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Metals
• Shortened title: Metals
• Publisher: MDPI AG
• ISSN: 2075-4701
• COBISS.SI-ID: 15976214

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: strojno učenje, specifična poraba energije, trajnostna obdelava