Uporaba industrijskih odpadkov za proizvodnjo encimov z glivami

Drnovšek, Blaž (author), Žnidaršič Plazl, Polona (mentor)

Ljudje se že od nekdaj soočamo s težavami glede naših odpadkov in njihove odstranitve, še posebej pa je to vidno v industriji, kjer se pridelajo resnično ogromne količine. Največje okoljske ter ostale probleme povzročajo odpadki kmetijske, prehrambene, papirne, tekstilne industrije itd. Njihova akumulacija namreč onesnažuje okolje ter ljudem in živalim povzroča različne bolezni. Posledično se ves čas iščejo novi načini, s katerimi bi se odpadkov lahko znebili. V diplomskem delu sem na podlagi literature predstavil eno od rešitev, ki je valorizacija odpadkov in hkratna tvorba encimov s pomočjo gliv, ki ima precejšen potencial za izrabo v najrazličnejših procesih kot tudi vrstah industrije. Opisal sem najbolj problematične industrijske odpadke, ki so večinoma sestavljeni iz lignoceluloze. Lignocelulozni materiali se namreč predvsem zaradi vsebnosti lignina izredno težko popolnoma razgradijo. Posledično sem se osredotočil na ligno-celulolitične encime (npr. lakaze, različne peroksidaze, celulaze, hemicelulaze), saj ti predstavljajo možnost za njihovo razgradnjo. V delu sem opisal značilnosti nitastih gliv in gliv bele trohnobe, saj so te najprimernejše in najpogosteje uporabljene za pridobivanje omenjenih encimov. Podrobneje sem predstavil tudi fermentacijske tehnike ter reaktorje, ki se običajno uporabljajo za industrijsko pridobivanje encimov s pomočjo gliv. Literaturni pregled je pokazal, da se za samo gojenje gliv v industriji večinoma uporablja tehnika submerzne fermentacije, saj je dobro uveljavljena in lahko prenosljiva na večjo skalo, poleg tega pa omogoča odlično nadziranje različnih parametrov. Kljub njenim prednostim se za valorizacijo odpadkov bolj uveljavlja tudi fermentacija na trdnih gojiščih, ki je še posebno primerna za vrste gliv, ki slabo uspevajo v submerznih pogojih. Prav tako bi bilo glede na literaturo ligninolitične encime potrebno še nekoliko bolj raziskati, saj imajo kljub velikemu potencialu za industrijsko rabo tudi nekaj omejitev. Največjo oviro med drugim predstavlja dejstvo, da njihovi mehanizmi delovanja še niso povsem poznani.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: industrijski odpadki, encimi, glive, submerzna fermentacija, fermentacija na trdnih gojiščih
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
• Year: 2026
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182875
• COBISS.SI-ID: 279620355
• Publication date in RUL: 26.05.2026

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The use of industrial waste for the production of enzymes with fungi

Abstract

People have always faced problems with waste and its disposal, which is particularly evident in industry, where huge quantities are produced. The biggest environmental and other problems are caused by waste from the agricultural, food, paper, textile industries, etc. Its accumulation pollutes the environment and causes various diseases in humans and animals. As a result, we are constantly searching for new ways to discard trash. In my thesis, based on the literature, I presented one solution: the valorization of waste and the simultaneous production of enzymes with fungi, which has considerable potential for application in a wide variety of processes and industries. I described the most problematic industrial wastes, which are primarily composed of lignocellulose. Lignocellulosic materials are extremely difficult to completely degrade, primarily due to their lignin content. Consequently, the focus is mostly on lignin-cellulolytic enzymes (e.g., laccases, various peroxidases, cellulases, hemicellulases), as these offer a means for their degradation. In this work, the characteristics of filamentous fungi and white rot fungi are described, as these are the most suitable and most commonly used for the production of the aforementioned enzymes. Fermentation techniques and reactors typically used for the industrial production of enzymes with fungi are also presented in detail. A literature review has shown that submerged fermentation is the technique most commonly used for fungal cultivation in industry, as it is well-established and easily scalable, and also allows for excellent control of various parameters. Despite its advantages, solid-state fermentation is also gaining ground for waste valorization, as it is particularly suitable for fungal species that do not thrive well under submerged conditions. Furthermore, based on the literature, ligninolytic enzymes have great potential for industrial use but require further research due to some of their limitations. Among other things, the fact that their mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood represents the greatest obstacle.

• Keywords: industrial waste, enzymes, fungi, submerged fermentation, solid-state fermentation