Critical power and critical oxygenation : examining transferability between normoxia and hypoxia

Kowalski, Tomasz (author), Rębiś, Kinga (author), Wilk, Adrian (author), Szwed, Piotr (author), Klusiewicz, Andrzej (author), Debevec, Tadej (author), Faiss, Raphael (author)

We sought to investigate if critical oxygenation (COx) is a robust marker of exercise intensity, and if it remains stable in normoxia and hypoxia with simultaneous changes in critical power (CP) and heart rate (HR). Thirty-three highly trained endurance athletes (11 females) underwent two 3-min CP cycling tests in normoxia (87 m ASL, F$_i$O$_2$=20.8%) and normobaric hypoxia (3200 m ASL, F$_i$O$_2$=14.2%). Repeated measures ANOVA with partial eta (ηp2) and omega squared (ω$^2$) effect sizes was employed to compare systemic (SpO$_2$) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO$_2$) at rest and COx, HR, and CP during exercise between normoxia and hypoxia with biological sex as an independent variable. Bayesian T-tests were conducted as the confirmatory analysis. Significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia for SpO$_2$ and SmO$_2$ were observed at rest in both sexes. During exercise, COx in the triceps brachii, CP and various HR indices exhibited significant differences (p<0.001), whereas differences were not significant in the vastus lateralis (p=0.355). The Bayesian analysis supported these findings. The decrease in COx in the triceps brachii in hypoxia was larger in females than in males (30 vs. 21% drop respectively, p=0.019). However, no environment sex interaction was found for CP, HR, and COx in vastus lateralis. COx in locomotor muscles remains stable across the tested ambient oxygen concentrations, whereas CP and HR exhibit significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia. Accordingly, COx may be useful in optimizing training load and cycling performance under different oxygen availability conditions.

• Language: English
• Keywords: sport, NIRS, altitude, hypoxia, critical power, testing, muscle oxygenation, cycling
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: Str. 3299-3310
• Numbering: Vol. 125, iss. 11
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182856
• UDC: 796.61:616.12-008.44
• ISSN on article: 1439-6327
• DOI: 10.1007/s00421-025-05825-y
• COBISS.SI-ID: 238809859
• Publication date in RUL: 26.05.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: European journal of applied physiology
• Publisher: Springer Nature
• ISSN: 1439-6327
• COBISS.SI-ID: 3078833

Licences

• License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• Description: The most restrictive Creative Commons license. This only allows people to download and share the work for no commercial gain and for no other purposes.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: šport, nadmorska višina, hipoksija, kritična moč, testiranje, mišična oksigenacija, kolesarstvo

Projects

• Funder: Poland, Ministry of Sport and Tourism
• Project number: RPW/7830/2024