Comparing aerobic interval training with other forms of physical exercise for brachial artery endothelial function improvement : a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Paravlić, Armin (author), Iskra, Simon (author), Abazović, Ensar (author), Lamberti, Nicola (author), Manfredini, Fabio (author), Drole, Kristina (author)

Background Brachial artery endothelial function, measured by the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) technique, serves as a surrogate for coronary endothelial function and is recognized as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Despite the known benefits of physical exercise interventions (PEI) in improving endothelial function, limited evidence exists to guide practitioners on the most effective form of PEI for enhancing endothelial function. The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of different PEI modalities on brachial artery FMD, and to establish the most effective PEI through a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods PubMed, WoS, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL and EBSCOhost search was conducted from inception to February 20th, 2025. Randomized controlled studies investigating the effects of PEI on brachial artery FMD in adults were included. Both pairwise and Bayesian NMA were conducted using random-effects model to compare different PEI modalities within primary (aerobic training, resistance training and combined training) and secondary (continuous aerobic training vs. interval aerobic training vs. dynamic resistance training vs. combined training) categorizations. The PEI effectiveness was ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Results In total, 84 studies with 3596 participants (43% females, 51.9 ± 15.1 years of age) were included in the analysis. Summarized evidence of 119 effect sizes through pairwise comparisons showed improvement in FMD (mean difference [MD], 2.24%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.90–2.58, p < 0.001) following different PEI, without difference between magnitude of the effect between healthy and asymptomatic individuals (Q, 1.27, p = 0.260). As shown in the NMA, the rank order within a primary classification showed aerobic training as the most effective (SUCRA: 89.8%, MD, 2.37%, 95% credible interval [CrI] 1.95–2.80) followed by resistance training (SUCRA: 66.0%, MD, 2.07%, 95% CrI, 1.34–2.79), and combined (aerobic and resistance) training (SUCRA: 44.1%, MD, 1.67%, 95% CrI, 0.73–2.6). Secondary NMA identified interval aerobic training as the most effective (SUCRA: 99.1%, MD, 3.07%, 95% CrI, 1.37–3.76), which showed to be more effective than continuous aerobic training (MD, 1.08%), dynamic resistance training (MD, 1.04%), and combined training (MD, 1.36%). Moreover, a negative association was found between FMD improvement and both intervention duration and overall training load, while positive associations were observed with weekly training frequency, single session duration, and weekly training duration. Conclusions Various PEI modalities have demonstrated effectiveness in improving brachial artery FMD, with interval aerobic exercises of higher intensities emerging as the most effective based on current evidence, followed by dynamic resistance training, continuous aerobic training and combined training. These findings have significant implications for informing future exercise guidelines aimed at both prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. The study protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO online registry: ID: CRD42023453202 Key points •In this meta-analysis of 84 randomized controlled trials, physical exercise interventions (PEIs) in general significantly increased brachial artery endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) technique in the adult population. •This large-scale systematic review and network meta-analysis showed that aerobic training, resistance training and combined training are all effective in enhancing brachial artery FMD. •Although various PEIs have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing brachial artery FMD, interval aerobic exercises of higher intensities are emerging as the most effective based on current evidence. •The findings from network meta-regression analyses suggest that greater improvements following PEI can be achieved by increasing the duration of acute stimuli (an additional half-hour of training = 0.80% increase in FMD) and weekly training exposure (an additional two and a half hours of training on weekly basis = 0.50% increase in FMD).

• Language: English
• Keywords: sport, aerobic interval training, physical exercise, brachial artery endothelial function
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 17 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 11, art. 133
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-181330
• UDC: 796.01
• ISSN on article: 2198-9761
• DOI: 10.1186/s40798-025-00929-3
• COBISS.SI-ID: 262779651
• Publication date in RUL: 01.04.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Sports medicine - open
• Publisher: Springer
• ISSN: 2198-9761
• COBISS.SI-ID: 525279769

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: šport, telesna dejavnost, aerobni intervalni trening, telesna vadba, endotelijska funkcija brahialne arterije