Ethical issues of AI large language models

Strahovnik, Vojko (author), Centa Strahovnik, Mateja (author)

This paper examines ethical challenges posed by recent developments in artificial intelligence, with particular focus on large language models. Following intro ductory remarks, the second section outlines some of the central features of large language models and their development relevant for the purpose of this paper. The third section analyses the scope of key risks and ethical challenges associated with these models, considering issues such as bias, accountability, transparency, and the broader societal impact of their development and deployment. A special emphasis in section 4 is given to the aspect of identity in the context of interaction between hu mans and AI systems. In conclusion, the paper offers reflections on some of the eth ical challenges in light of reflections on cultural imaginaries of language technologies, the future evolution of large language models and their regulation, and the potential transformations that such technologies may engender.

• Language: English
• Keywords: artificial intelligence, large language models, risks, ethical aspects, human-AI interaction, identity, regulation
• Work type: Scientific work
• Typology: 1.16 - Independent Scientific Component Part or a Chapter in a Monograph
• Organization: TEOF - Theological Faculty
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: Str. 49-59
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-180602
• UDC: 17:004.89
• COBISS.SI-ID: 271232003
• Publication date in RUL: 18.03.2026

Record is a part of a monograph

• Title: Research papers on artificial intelligence in the military operational environment and wargaming
• Editors: Saulius Keturakis
• Place of publishing: Helsinki
• Publisher: National Defence University, Department of Military Technology
• Year: 2026
• ISBN: 978-951-25-3584-2
• COBISS.SI-ID: 271227907
• Collection title: Julkaisusarja. 2, Tutkimusselosteita (Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Sotatekniikan laitos)
• Collection numbering: ǂNo. ǂ9
• Collection ISSN: 2737-0615

Licences

• License: CC BY-NC 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
• Description: A creative commons license that bans commercial use, but the users don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: umetna inteligenca, modeli velikih jezikov, tveganja, etični vidiki, interakcija med človekom in UI, identiteta, regulacija