Monitoring the subjective internal load in elite level kumite-karate athletes : role of the rest periods duration, breathing techniques, and training volume

Arsenijević, Radenko (author), Trikoš, Bogdan (author), Kojić, Filip (author), Toskić, Lazar (author), Stanković, Veroljub (author), Aksović, Nikola (author), Bjelica, Bojan (author), Bubanj, Saša (author), Dobrescu, Tatiana (author)

Objectives: Study aimed to investigate interdependent effects of rest periods duration, breathing techniques, and training volume, on the set Rating of Perceived Exertion in elite-level karate athletes. Equipment and methods: Nine elite-level athletes (males = 6) participated in this study. We organized six training sessions, each consisting of 200 gyaku-zuki strikes divided into five sets with 40 repetitions per set, with varying rest and breathing techniques (kime, kiai, and without exhalation). The sessions included both short (30 seconds) and long (90 seconds) rest periods, and the training volume was analyzed separately for each of the five sets. Internal load measures were collected from participants during the between-set pauses. Results: The three-way within subject ANOVA have showed the that shorter rest (p = 0.013, η$^2$ = 0.561) and a higher number of sets (p = 0.000, η$^2$ = 0.861) lead to higher subjective responses compared to longer rest and fewer sets. Contrary, the subfactors of breathing techniques did not show significant effects (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides insights into the advantages of rest period duration and training volume on subjective load during kumite-karate training sessions for elite-level karate athletes, suggesting that incorporating these factors could be a beneficial approach in designing kumite-karate training.

• Language: English
• Keywords: sport, karate training, gyaku-zuki, kime, kiai, World Karate Federation
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: Str. 191-206
• Numbering: Vol. 31, no. 2
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-180541
• UDC: 796.853.26
• ISSN on article: 2232-4062
• DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.31.2.191-206
• COBISS.SI-ID: 258679555
• Publication date in RUL: 11.03.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Kinesiologia Slovenica : scientific journal on sport
• Shortened title: Kinesiol. Slov.
• Publisher: Založba Univerze v Ljubljani
• ISSN: 2232-4062
• COBISS.SI-ID: 257386752

Licences

• License: CC BY-SA 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Description: This Creative Commons license is very similar to the regular Attribution license, but requires the release of all derivative works under this same license.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Title: Spremljanje subjektivne notranje obremenitve pri vrhunskih kumite-karate športnikih : vloga trajanja počitka, dihalnih tehnik in obsega treninga

Abstract

Cilji: Študija je bila namenjena raziskovanju medsebojno odvisnih učinkov trajanja počitka, dihalnih tehnik in obsega vadbe na nastavljeno oceno zaznanega napora pri karateistih na elitnem nivoju. Oprema in metode: V tej študiji je sodelovalo devet vrhunskih športnikov (moški = 6). Organizirali smo šest treningov, od katerih je vsak obsegal 200 gyaku-zuki udarcev, razdeljenih v pet serij s 40 ponovitvami na serijo, z različnimi tehnikami počitka in dihanja (kime, kiai in brez izdiha). Treningi so vključevali kratke (30 sekund) in dolge (90 sekund) počitke, obseg treninga pa je bil analiziran ločeno za vsakega od petih sklopov. Meritve notranje obremenitve so bile zbrane od udeležencev med premori med serijami. Rezultati: Tristranska ANOVA znotraj subjekta je pokazala, da krajši počitek (p = 0,013, η$^2$ = 0,561) in večje število nizov (p = 0,000, η$^2$ = 0,861) vodita do višjih subjektivnih odzivov v primerjavi z daljšim počitkom in manj nizi. Nasprotno pa podfaktorji dihalnih tehnik niso pokazali pomembnih učinkov (p > 0,05). Zaključek: Ta študija zagotavlja vpogled v prednosti trajanja časa počitka in obsega treninga glede subjektivne obremenitve med treningi kumite-karateja za vrhunske karateiste, kar nakazuje, da bi lahko bila vključitev teh dejavnikov koristen pristop pri načrtovanju treninga kumite-karateja.

• Keywords: šport, karate, trening karateja, gyaku-zuki, kime, kiai, Svetovna karate zveza