Ovrednotenje učinkovitosti intenzivnega in ekstenzivnega arheološkega površinskega in podpovršinskega pregleda na podlagi podatkov z avtocest Slovenije

Gruškovnjak, Luka (author)

Arheološki površinski pregled je eno ključnih raziskovalnih orodij, namenjenih pridobivanju informacij o številu, lokacijah in naravi najdišč v pokrajini. Vendar na njegovo učinkovitost vplivajo različni dejavniki, brez preučevanja in razumevanja katerih izpovednosti metode in z njo pridobljenih podatkov ni mogoče ovrednotiti. Tovrstno preučevanje je mogoče z vključevanjem kontrolnih eksperimentov ali zelo intenzivnega pregledovanja kontrolnih območij v projekte pregledov. Prav slednji način omogočajo podatki pregledov na avtocestah Slovenije, ki so potekali v dveh fazah: ekstenzivni in intenzivni. Rezultati intenzivne faze, natančneje, intenzivnega površinskega pregleda so v članku uporabljeni za ovrednotenje vplivov metod površinskega in podpovršinskega pregleda ter lastnosti gradiva v zgornjem delu tal na učinkovitost odkrivanja v okolju Slovenije. Najpomembnejše ugotovitve lahko strnemo v naslednje točke: (1) Na učinkovitost odkrivanja gradiva v zgornjem delu tal ključno vplivajo gostote, s katerimi je to običajno prisotno v kulturnih in naravnih pogojih Slovenije. (2) Z ekstenzivnim podpovršinskim pregledom odkrivanje ni verjetno. (3) Z intenzivnim podpovršinskim pregledom je odkrivanje malo verjetno. (4) Z ekstenzivnim površinskim pregledom je odkrivanje verjetno, a z omejeno učinkovitostjo. Na splošno lahko pričakujemo, da bo ostalo neodkritih vsaj 25 % vseh lokacij z arheološkim gradivom v zgornjem delu tal, glede na obdobja, tipe gradiva in gostoto gradiva pa je ta ocena lahko tudi bistveno višja. Na splošno lahko pričakujemo, da odkrito gradivo predstavlja le 3-odstotni vzorec površinske populacije oz. 0,2-odstotni vzorec populacije v zgornjem delu tal, zato je vsak pozitiven rezultat pomemben, medtem ko lahko negativne rezultate razumemo izključno kot odsotnost podatkov. Zato je informativnost rezultatov zelo omejena.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: arheološka metodologija, arheološki terenski pregled, površinski pregled, podpovršinski pregled, ekstenzivni pregled, intenzivni pregled, avtoceste Slovenije
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FF - Faculty of Arts
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Publication date: 01.01.2025
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: Str. 55-85
• Numbering: [Št.] 42
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-179576
• UDC: 902.3
• ISSN on article: 0351-5958
• COBISS.SI-ID: 268757763
• Publication date in RUL: 17.02.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Arheo : arheološka obvestila
• Shortened title: Arheo
• Publisher: Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za arheologijo
• ISSN: 0351-5958
• COBISS.SI-ID: 6930434

Licences

• License: CC BY-NC 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
• Description: A creative commons license that bans commercial use, but the users don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of extensive and intensive archaeological surface and subsurface surveys based on data from Slovenian motorways

Abstract

Archaeological surface survey is among the key research tools for obtaining information on the number, locations, and nature of sites within a landscape. However, its effectiveness is influenced by a range of factors; without studying and understanding these factors, the reliability of the method and the data it produces cannot be adequately evaluated. Such an examination is possible either through the inclusion of control experiments or by conducting very intensive surveys of control areas within survey projects. The latter approach is enabled by data from surveys carried out on Slovenian motorways, which were conducted in two phases: extensive and intensive. The results of the intensive phase, specifically the intensive surface survey, are used in this paper to evaluate the effects of surface and subsurface survey methods, as well as the properties of cultural material in the topsoil, on the effectiveness of detection in the Slovenian environment. The key findings can be summarised as follows: (1) The effectiveness of detecting material in the topsoil is significantly influenced by the densities at which such material is usually present under the cultural and natural conditions of Slovenia. (2) Detection is unlikely with an extensive subsurface survey. (3) Detection is not very likely with an intensive subsurface survey. (4) Detection is possible using an extensive surface survey strategy, although with limited effectiveness. Overall, it can be expected that at least 25% of all sites with archaeological material in the topsoil will remain undiscovered; depending on the period, type of material, and its density, this estimate may be significantly higher. In general, the discovered material represents only a 3% sample of the surface population or a 0.2% sample of the population in the topsoil. Consequently, every positive result is important, while negative results can be understood exclusively as an absence of data rather than evidence of absence. The overall informativeness of the results is therefore very limited.

• Keywords: archaeological methodology, archaeological field survey, surface survey, subsurface survey, extensive survey, intensive survey, Slovenian motorways

Projects

• Funder: ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
• Project number: P6-0247
• Name: Arheologija