500+ FACs perovskite solar cells under long-term stability testing

Ajdič, Žan (author), Solorio Soto, Fernando (author), Remec, Marko (author), Kikelj, Miha (author), Ali, Arslan (author), Glažar, Boštjan (author), Matič, Gašper (author), Brecl, Kristijan (author), Jankovec, Marko (author), Topič, Marko (author), Jošt, Marko (author)

The long-term stability of more than 500 FACs perovskite solar cells has been systematically investigated under various conditions. We first analyze resilience to moisture and show that with the 30 nm Al$_2$O$_3$ capping, we can perform long-term tests in air and eliminate moisture-related degradation. In the long-term MPP tracking tests, we then confirm that light is the driving degradation contributor by performing cyclic tests and testing under different light intensities. Visual changes of the perovskite absorber during the testing and spatial and spectral photoluminescence measurements reveal that phase segregation and the perovskite/C$_{60}$ interface are the main culprits for degradation, while the perovskite degrades faster in electrically inactive areas. We thus show that by removing bromide ions from the FACs composition, cell stability, evaluated by the t$_{80}$ lifetime, can improve 5-fold in the best case and that there is a linear correlation between t$_{80}$ time and bias voltage during stability tracking. By testing a large number of samples (>500), we show with statistical relevance that long-term stability measurements show significantly higher spread (both batch-to-batch and intrabatch) than J–V measurements.

• Language: English
• Keywords: perovskite solar cells, long-term stability, maximum power point tracking, moisture and light degradation, voltage bias degradation, photoluminescence, degradation, layers, perovskites, solar cells, stability
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FE - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: Str. 3946–3955
• Numbering: Vol. 18, iss. 2
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-179444
• UDC: 621.383.51:549.641
• ISSN on article: 1944-8252
• DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c24756
• COBISS.SI-ID: 268429571
• Publication date in RUL: 13.02.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: ACS applied materials & interfaces
• Shortened title: ACS appl. mater. interfaces
• Publisher: American Chemical Society
• ISSN: 1944-8252
• COBISS.SI-ID: 516049433

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: perovskitne sončne celice, dolgoročna stabilnost, sledenje točki maksimalne moči, degradacija zaradi vlage in svetlobe, degradacija zaradi napetosti, fotoluminiscenca