Hybrid thermalization in the large N limit

Mitra, Toshali (author), Mondkar, Sukrut (author), Mukhopadhyay, Ayan (author), Soloviev, Alexander (author)

Semi-holography provides a formulation of dynamics in gauge theories involving both weakly self-interacting (perturbative) and strongly self-interacting (non-perturbative) degrees of freedom. These two subsectors interact via their effective metrics and sources, while the full local energy-momentum tensor is conserved in the physical background metric. In the large N limit, the subsectors have their individual entropy currents, and so the full system can reach a pseudo-equilibrium state in which each subsector has a different physical temperature. We first complete the proof that the global thermal equilibrium state, where both subsectors have the same physical temperature, can be defined in consistency with the principles of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Particularly, we show that the global equilibrium state is the unique state with maximum entropy in the microcanonical ensemble. Furthermore, we show that in the large N limit, a typical non-equilibrium state of the full isolated system relaxes to the global equilibrium state when the average energy density is large compared to the scale set by the inter-system coupling. We discuss quantum statistical perspectives.

• Language: English
• Keywords: high energy physics, statistical mechanics, field theory hydrodynamics
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FMF - Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2026
• Number of pages: 29 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 2026, art. no. 78
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-179095
• UDC: 539.1
• ISSN on article: 1029-8479
• DOI: 10.1007/JHEP01(2026)078
• COBISS.SI-ID: 267388163
• Publication date in RUL: 05.02.2026

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: The journal of high energy physics
• Shortened title: J. high energy phys.
• Publisher: SISSA
• ISSN: 1029-8479
• COBISS.SI-ID: 1314148

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: fizika visokih energij, statistična mehanika, teorija polja, hidrodinamika

Projects

• Funder: EC - European Commission
• Project number: 101103006
• Name: Far-from-Equilibrium ATtractors at Ultra-Relativistic Energies
• Acronym: FEATURE