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Uporaba nekdanjih živil v prehrani rejnih živali : magistrsko delo
ID Treven, Veronika (Author), ID Levart, Alenka (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window, ID Rezar, Vida (Comentor)

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Abstract
Vsako leto se po svetu zavrže veliko hrane, ki bi jo lahko uporabili za prehrano rejnih živali. Nekdanja živila (NŽ) so živila, ki so bila proizvedena za prehrano ljudi v skladu z zakonodajo, a so bila iz humane prehranske verige odstranjena iz razlogov, ki pa ne predstavljajo tveganja za zdravje živali, če se jih uporabi kot krma. V okviru magistrske naloge smo pregledali dostopno literaturo v povezavi z uporabo različnih vrst NŽ v krmi za rejne živali. Na področju Slovenije smo zbrali in analizirali sestavo vzorcev NŽ (število posameznih vzorcev je pripisano v oklepaju) slanih (6), sladkih (6) in mešanih (1) pekovskih izdelkov, sadja (2) in zelenjave (7). Določili smo tudi maščobnokislinsko sestavo in parametre oksidacije maščob (peroksidno število in malondialdehid). Ugotovili smo, da so slani in sladki pekovski izdelki bogat vir maščob, brezdušičnega izvlečka in energije, zato jih lahko uporabimo kot krmila za vse vrste rejnih živali. V primerjavi z literaturo so analizirani pekovski izdelki slovenskega izvora imeli podobno vsebnost surovega pepela, surovih maščob in brezdušičnega izvlečka, vsebovali so povprečno več surovih beljakovin in manj surovih vlaknin. Povprečne vsebnosti Ca, Na in Mg so primerljive z literaturo, P in K pa nižje. Analiza sadja in zelenjave pa je pokazala, da vsebujejo veliko vode, kar pospeši njihovo kvarjenje, zato je nujna hitra poraba ali predelava. V pekovskih izdelkih in sadju ter zelenjavi je bilo povprečno največ linolne kisline in več večkrat nenasičenih kot enkrat nenasičenih in nasičenih maščobnih kislin. V nekaterih vzorcih slanih in sladkih pekovskih izdelkov in v vseh vzorcih sadja in zelenjave je prišlo do oksidacije maščob, kar nam je pokazalo peroksidno število. Rezultati meritev malondialdehida pa so pokazali, da je pri jabolkih in pri vsej zelenjavi prišlo do sekundarne oksidacije maščob. Če povzamemo, bi se lahko omenjena živila na področju Slovenije zbiralo in predelavalo v krmo za živali, s tem bi se zmanjšala potreba po uvozu in prevozu krme in pripomogli bi k zmanjšanju emisij toplogrednih plinov, ki nastanejo pri prevozu. Hkrati pa bi živila ohranili v prehranjevalni verigi, kar je skladno s cilji razvoja krožnega gospodarstva.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:prehrana živali, nekdanja živila, zavržena hrana, hranljive snovi, oksidacija, krožno gospodarstvo
Work type:Master's thesis/paper
Typology:2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:BF - Biotechnical Faculty
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Version of Record
Place of publishing:Ljubljana
Publisher:V. Treven
Year:2026
Number of pages:1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (XI, [75] str.))
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-178795 This link opens in a new window
UDC:636.084/.087(043.2)
COBISS.SI-ID:266743811 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:30.01.2026
Views:80
Downloads:18
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Use of former food in livestock nutrition : M. Sc. thesis
Abstract:
Globally, a substantial amount of food that could potentially be repurposed as feed for farm animals is discarded each year. Former food products—originally manufactured for human consumption in compliance with legal standards—are removed from the human food chain. When used as feed, these products do not pose a risk to animal health. As part of this master’s thesis, we conducted a comprehensive review of the available literature on former food products. In Slovenia, we collected and analyzed the feed composition of selected samples (number of samples in parentheses): savoury (6), sweet (6), and mixed (1) bakery products, as well as fruit (2) and vegetables (7). The parameters examined included fatty acid profiles and oxidation indicators (peroxide value and malondialdehyde concentration). The results show that savoury and sweet bakery products are rich sources of fats, nitrogen-free extract, and energy, indicating their potential—albeit with certain limitations—as feed for farm animals. Compared to published data, the analyzed bakery products contained, on average, similar levels of crude fat, crude ash, and nitrogen-free extract, slightly higher crude protein, and lower crude fiber. Average concentrations of Ca, Na, and Mg were comparable to literature values, whereas P and K were lower. Fruit and vegetable samples exhibited high moisture content, which accelerates spoilage; therefore, rapid utilization or processing is essential. In bakery products, fruits, and vegetables, the average proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and polyunsaturated fatty acids exceeded that of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Evidence of fat oxidation, indicated by peroxide values, was found in some savoury and sweet bakery samples and in all fruit and vegetable samples. Malondialdehyde measurements confirmed secondary oxidation in apples and all vegetables. Collecting and converting these products into animal feed could reduce reliance on imported feed and associated transportation, thereby contributing to lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, rapid consumption or processing is necessary to enable their safe reintroduction into the feed chain.

Keywords:animal nutrition, former food products, discarded food, nutrients, oxydation, circular economy

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