Sex- and age-specific characteristics of running performance assessed by OptoJump in pre-school children aged 3 to 6 years

Ljubičić, Sanja (author), Gregorc, Jera (author), Petrić, Vilko (author)

Background/Objectives: Running is among the most prevalent forms of physical activity in preschool-aged children and constitutes a fundamental component for the effective execution of other motor patterns. The main aim of this study is to determine how fundamental running parameters change with age and whether there are differences between sexes. Methods: Four-hundred and five pre-school children with the mean (SD) age = 4.9 (1.1) years, height = 111.2 (9.3) cm, weight = 20.0 (4.2) kg, 53.5% girls were recruited from 34 kindergartens in four major cities. The inclusion criteria involved children aged 3–6 years with typical development and without any locomotor or mental disorders and diseases, who were enrolled in day care. Running performance was assessed in preschool children using a 10-m sprint test. Sprint parameters were measured with the OptoJump modular system, an infrared platform that accurately quantifies kinematic variables. Sex (boys vs. girls) and age (3 to 6 years old) differences were calculated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal–Wallis H-test with post hoc comparison test between the groups. Results: In general, the results indicated that statistically significant differences between boys and girls were observed across the following levels: (1) temporal–kinematic step phase, (2) spatiotemporal movement characteristics, and (3) propulsive phase as an indicator of muscular activity. However, these differences were not consistent across all age groups. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the spatiotemporal characteristics of running in preschool-aged children. The findings may assist in the early identification of potential motor deviations and in the planning of more effective strategies to promote physical activity during the preschool period.

• Language: English
• Keywords: children, motor patterns, propulsive phase, running performance, spatiotemporal characteristics, temporal–kinematic
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: PEF - Faculty of Education
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 10 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 12, iss. 12, art. 1684
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-177284
• UDC: 373.32.016:79
• ISSN on article: 2227-9067
• DOI: 10.3390/children12121684
• COBISS.SI-ID: 261662467
• Publication date in RUL: 19.12.2025

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Children
• Shortened title: Children
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 2227-9067
• COBISS.SI-ID: 523029017

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: spolne razlike, predšolska vzgoja, tek

Projects

• Funder: University of Rijeka
• Project number: 23-37
• Acronym: UNIRI-MLADI-DRUSTV

• Funder: University of Rijeka
• Project number: 23-201
• Acronym: UNIRI-ISKUSNI-DRUSTV