Issues related to water hammer in francis-turbine hydropower schemes : a review

Bergant, Anton (author), Mazij, Jernej (author), Pekolj, Jošt (author), Urbanowicz, Kamil (author)

This paper reviews key parameters which may cause unacceptable water hammer loads in Francis-turbine hydropower schemes. Water hammer control strategies are presented for this context including operational scenarios (closing and opening laws), surge control devices, redesign of the pipeline components, or limitation of operating conditions. Theoretical water hammer models and solutions are outlined and discussed. Case studies include simple and complex new and refurbished hydropower systems including headrace and tailrace tunnels, surge tanks of various designs, and different penstock layouts. The case studies in this paper cover the application of both commercial and in-house software packages for hydraulic transient analysis. Two-stage guide vane closing law, increased unit inertia and surge tank(s) are used in the cases considered to keep the water hammer within the prescribed limits. Typical values for the maximum pressure head at the turbine inlet and the maximum unit speed rise during normal transient regimes were in the range of 10 to 35% of the maximum gross head and 35 to 50% above the nominal speed, respectively. The agreement between computational results using both software packages, and field test results is well within the limits of ±5% accepted in hydropower engineering practice.

• Language: English
• Keywords: hydropower, Francis turbine, water hammer, surge control, mathematical modelling, field tests
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.02 - Review Article
• Organization: FS - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 29 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 18, issue 24, [article no.] 6404
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-176832
• UDC: 621.311.21
• ISSN on article: 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en18246404
• COBISS.SI-ID: 260704259
• Publication date in RUL: 11.12.2025

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Energies
• Shortened title: Energies
• Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
• ISSN: 1996-1073
• COBISS.SI-ID: 518046745

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: hidroelektrana, francisova turbina, vodni udar, kontrola sunkov, matematično modeliranje, terenski preizkusi

Projects

• Funder: ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
• Project number: P2-0162-2022
• Name: Večfazni sistemi