Windthrow mapping with Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope in Triglav National Park : a regional case study

Zupan, Matej (author), Oštir, Krištof (author), Potočnik Buhvald, Ana (author)

Extreme weather increasingly damages forest ecosystems, and affected areas are often remote or inaccessible, limiting field surveys. In such contexts, remote sensing can complement damage assessment. This study presents a regional case study evaluating established multi-temporal optical change detection for windthrow mapping in Triglav National Park (Slovenia) using Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope imagery. Bitemporal index differencing and fixed thresholds were applied, with accuracy quantified via a block bootstrap to account for spatial autocorrelation. Within-sample overall accuracy was 69.2% (95% CI: 67.4–71.2%) for Sentinel-2 and 72.9% (95% CI: 71.2–74.6%) for PlanetScope. Detection was strongly size-dependent: gaps greater than 0.5 ha were consistently detected, whereas gaps smaller than 0.1 ha were frequently omitted, particularly with Sentinel-2. Linking satellite-derived change maps with forest stand data enabled parcel-level estimates of damaged timber volume; this linkage was examined on a small, non-probability set of parcels and is therefore preliminary. We position the work strictly as a case study documenting within-sample performance in alpine terrain. Broader generalisation will require probability-based validation across additional events and forest types, and wider access to parcel-level official records.

• Language: English
• Keywords: multi-temporal, high-resolution satellite imagery, windthrow damage, windstorm damage, alpine forests, timber volume estimation, change detection
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 27 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 17, issue 21, art. 3568
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-175601
• UDC: 528.9(497.4)
• ISSN on article: 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs17213568
• COBISS.SI-ID: 255965187
• Publication date in RUL: 05.11.2025

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Remote sensing
• Shortened title: Remote sens.
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 2072-4292
• COBISS.SI-ID: 32345133

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: veččasovni, satelitski posnetki visoke ločljivosti, poškodbe zaradi vetra, alpski gozdovi, ocena količine lesa, zaznavanje sprememb, vetrolom

Projects

• Funder: ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
• Project number: J2-3055
• Name: ROVI – Združevanje in obdelava radarskih in optičnih časovnih vrst satelitskih posnetkov za spremljanje naravnega okolja

• Funder: ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
• Project number: P2-0406
• Name: Opazovanje Zemlje in geoinformatika