This thesis explores the diagnostic potential of volatile organic compounds in detecting and monitoring ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. It adopts a comprehensive approach, including distinguishing between exhaled breath and inspired air, comparing groups of patients with and without confirmed diagnoses, and exploring longitudinal correlations with inflammatory biomarkers. Focusing on exhaled breath as a non-invasive sampling method, the thesis seeks to identify compounds indicative of endogenous metabolic processes and biochemical changes related to infection.
The experimental setup involved collecting paired samples of exhaled breath and inspired air from mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of selected target compounds. Comparison of breath and air samples showed that forty-four compounds were significantly more abundant in breath, suggesting endogenous or microbial origins. Notably, dimethyl sulphide, carbon disulphide, 2-pentylfuran, methyl acetate, methyl vinyl ketone, and several aldehydes and ketones were identified as key candidates for further investigation.
Group comparisons revealed that 3-methylbutanal and 2-ethylacrolein were the strongest indicators of pneumonia status, with dimethyl sulphide, 2-pentylfuran, and D-limonene also displaying significant associations. While some aldehydes were less prevalent in diagnosed patients, this inverse trend could reflect altered host metabolism or faster clearance of oxidative stress products. Longitudinal analysis of selected patients revealed dynamic relationships between compounds and biomarkers, including inverse trends that aligned with infection resolution and simultaneous peaks, suggesting early metabolic signalling.
These results demonstrate that specific compounds, particularly 3-methylbutanal, 2-ethylacrolein, dimethyl sulphide, and 2-pentylfuran, have potential as non-invasive biomarkers for infection detection and monitoring in the intensive care setting. The research underscores both the promise and challenges of using volatile organic compounds in diagnostics and highlights the necessity for further validation that includes microbiological data, therapeutic interventions, and standardised breath sampling protocols.
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