Vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na nastanek in razvoj raka : diplomsko delo

Milaković, Rina (author), Paladin, Maša (author), Žager Marciuš, Valerija (mentor), Medič, Mojca (reviewer)

Uvod: Rak je rezultat motenega delovanja celic. K nastanku raka največ prispeva medsebojno delovanje različnih dejavnikov tveganja. Podrobno smo opisali, kako različni dejavniki, kot so onesnaženje zraka, vode in tal, sevanje, izpostavljenost kemikalijam ter vpliv življenjskega sloga, vključno s prehrano in telesno neaktivnostjo, vplivajo na povečano tveganje za pojav malignih obolenj. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je preko metode sistematičnega pregleda literature raziskati in predstaviti, kako okoljski dejavniki vplivajo na nastanek in razvoj raka. Cilj diplomskega dela je določiti, kako obsežen vpliv imajo različni okoljski dejavniki na nastanek in razvoj raka. Zastavili smo si raziskovalno vprašanje, v kolikšni meri posamezni okoljski dejavniki, ki smo jih v tej raziskavi preučevali, prispevajo k povečanemu tveganju za nastanek raka. Metode dela: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo s sistematičnim pregledom literature, ki temelji na spletno dostopnih strokovnih in znanstvenih člankih v slovenskem, angleškem in italijanskem jeziku. Iskanje literature je potekalo od 1. 11. 2024 do 15. 3. 2025. V sistematični pregled literature smo vključili 20 člankov. Rezultati: Ugotovitve člankov, vključenih v sistematični pregled literature, smo predstavili v tabelah. Osredotočili smo se na specifične organe in kako opisani okoljski dejavniki vplivajo na nastanek raka. Na podlagi teh rezultatov smo prepoznali najpogosteje prizadete organe za posamezen dejavnik in izpostavili najmočnejše povezave med okoljem in rakavimi obolenji. Ugotovili smo tudi, da imajo lahko nekateri okoljski dejavniki tudi preprečevalni učinek za rake na specifičnih področjih. Razprava in zaključek: Pregled literature je pokazal, da okoljski dejavniki, kot so okužbe z mikroorganizmi, onesnaženje zraka in vode, prehrana, kajenje, alkohol, debelost ter ultravijolično in ionizirajoče sevanje pomembno vplivajo na nastanek različnih vrst raka. Ti dejavniki delujejo preko mehanizmov, kot so kronično vnetje, hormonske motnje, oksidativni stres in poškodbe deoksiribonukleinske kisline. Zdrav življenjski slog in zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti okoljskim tveganjem lahko pomembno prispevata k preprečevanju raka. Ugotovitve iz pregledanih študij potrjujejo pomembnost celostnega pristopa k zmanjšanju izpostavljenosti okoljskim dejavnikom kot ključnega koraka v javnozdravstvenih strategijah za preprečevanje raka.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: diplomska dela, radiološka tehnologija, rak, dejavniki tveganja, okoljski dejavniki tveganja
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [R. Milaković : M. Paladin]
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 46 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-172950
• UDC: 616-07
• COBISS.SI-ID: 248713731
• Publication date in RUL: 12.09.2025

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The impact of environmental factors on the occurrence and development of cancer : diploma work

Abstract

Introduction: Cancer is the result of disrupted cell function. The interaction of various risk factors contributes most to the development of cancer. We have described in detail how various factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, radiation, exposure to chemicals and the influence of lifestyle, including diet and physical inactivity, affect the increased risk of developing malignant diseases. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to investigate and present, through the method of a systematic literature review, how environmental factors influence the occurrence and development of cancer. The aim of the thesis is to determine the extent to which various environmental factors have an impact on the occurrence and development of cancer. We asked ourselves the research question of to what extent the hypothesis that individual environmental factors, which we studied in this research, contribute to an increased risk of cancer. Methods: We used a descriptive method with a systematic literature review, based on online professional and scientific articles in Slovenian, English and Italian language. The literature search was conducted from November 1st, 2024 to March 15th, 2025. 20 articles were included in the systematic literature review. Results: The findings of the articles included in the systematic literature review are presented in tables. We focused on specific organs and how the described environmental factors influence the development of cancer. We identified the most commonly affected organs for each factor and highlighted the strongest links between the environment and cancer. We also found that some environmental factors may also have a preventative effect on cancers in specific areas. Discussion and conclusion: A review of the literature has shown that environmental factors such as microbial infections, air and water pollution, diet, smoking, alcohol, obesity, and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation have a significant impact on the development of various types of cancer. These factors act through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, hormonal disruption, oxidative stress, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage. A healthy lifestyle and reduction of exposure to environmental risks can significantly contribute to cancer prevention. The findings from the reviewed studies confirm the importance of a comprehensive approach to reducing exposure to environmental factors as a key step in public health strategies for cancer prevention.

• Keywords: diploma theses, radiologic technology, cancer, risk factors, environmental risk factors