The thesis describes the key associations between the gut microbiome and hormonal balance, as well as potential methods of modulating the gut microbiome as a supportive approach in the treatment of certain diseases. It presents the mechanisms via which the gut microbiota may affect the secretion of selected hormones and neurotransmitters (GLP-1, PYY, cortisol, estrogen, serotonin and dopamine), with the main focus on the potential effects of short-chain fatty acids, bile acid transformation, and microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides on hormonal balance. Furthermore, it highlights specific diseases linked to hormonal imbalance (metabolic disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and infertility), which are often associated with intestinal dysbiosis. Gut microbiome modulation methods are also decribed, among which the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are most commonly studied. More recently, fecal microbiota transplantation has also been increasingly mentioned. Findings suggest that these approaches may have a positive effect on hormonal balance, although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Although the gut microbiome is a promising target for the development of new therapeutic approaches, further research is essential to better define the impact of individual bacterial strains and their metabolites on hormonal balance.
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