Oxidative stress is a state of disrupted balance between oxidants and antioxidants, in which the production of oxidants predominates. Such an imbalance can trigger lipid peroxidation, leading to the formation of lipid hydroperoxides. These are generated through a chain reaction of peroxyl radicals and can significantly contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction. The endothelium is a cellular monolayer that plays a key role in maintaining vascular tone and regulating hemostasis and inflammation. For research purposes, it can be mimicked using organ-on-a-chip technology, which enables cell culture within a microfluidic system under shear stress, thereby better approximating in vivo conditions.
The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced by peroxyl radicals on human endothelial EA.hy926 cells under static and flow conditions. As a source of peroxyl radicals, we used 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-propionamidine) dihydrochloride. In static conditions on microtiter plates and under flow conditions on the chip, we used the resazurin assay to determine the concentration that causes a 50% reduction in cell viability (IC50 value) and confirmed the concentration- and time-dependence of the relationship between oxidative stress and cell viability. Furthermore, we evaluated the antioxidant effects of quercetin, vitamin E, vitamin C, and Trolox (a synthetic analog of vitamin E) on microtiter plates. Quercetin exhibited protective activity already at the lowest concentrations tested, which is why it was selected for testing on the microfluidic endothelium-on-a-chip model.
Two experimental protocols were employed on the endothelium-on-a-chip model: (i) simultaneous addition of quercetin and peroxyl radicals, and (ii) pre-incubation of cells with quercetin followed by peroxyl oxidative stress. The first approach showed only weak protective activity, whereas the second significantly improved cell viability compared with the control experiment. Our results confirm that the established microfluidic endothelium-on-a-chip system represents a suitable and physiologically relevant model for quantitative monitoring of oxidative stress and for evaluating the protective effects of antioxidants on human endothelial cells.
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