This diploma thesis focuses on the mechanisms by which probiotics inhibit the growth
of pathogenic microorganisms and contribute to host health. The most commonly
studied representatives belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which
are widely used in fermented foods and dietary supplements. The most important
mechanisms of action include the synthesis of antimicrobial substances (i.e.,
bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids), competition for adhesion sites and
nutrients on the intestinal epithelium, enhancement of the intestinal epithelial barrier,
regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and gut–brain signaling pathways, and
immunomodulation. Although the beneficial effects of probiotics on host health have
been extensively studied, many mechanisms at the molecular level are still incompletely
understood. Further research is needed to better understand these processes and to
develop effective alternatives for the prevention and treatment of infections. The
importance of probiotics in this context is growing, as inappropriate use of antibiotics
has led to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.
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