In this work, we developed an electrochemical model of lithium‑ion transport at the single active‑particle level in a graphite anode with included models of degradation mechanisms. The model comprises submodels for lithium diffusion and Butler–Volmer electrochemical kinetics, as well as two degradation mechanisms: growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and lithium plating. We discretized the resulting system of nonlinear differential equations using the finite‑volume method and solved it in C with the IDA solver from the SUNDIALS library. The results show that SEI growth during charge–discharge cycles gradually increases the battery’s internal resistance, while higher charge/discharge rates promote formation of a thicker lithium plating layer on the anode surface, accelerating electrochemical degradation and reducing performance.
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