Mathematical modeling of swelling and shrinking dynamics in pH-sensitive hydrogels composed of alginate, anionic cellulose, and chitosan

Ručigaj, Aleš (author), Kopač, Tilen (author)

This study develops a mathematical model to predict the swelling and shrinkage dynamics of pH-sensitive hydrogels composed of alginate, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF), or chitosan. We investigated the effects of biopolymer type, cross-linking density, and/or pH conditions on hydrogel behavior. Swelling and shrinkage experiments revealed that cross-link density primarily governs the final equilibrium state but may also modulate the swelling and shrinkage rate under specific environmental conditions. To quantify this behavior, we introduce a novel parameter, the swelling/shrinkage affinity (a$_{sw}$, a$_{sh}$), which enables predictive evaluation of hydrogel responsiveness. The model integrates experimental data with rheological measurements, linking cross-link density to mechanical properties such as shear modulus. Rheological measurements validated the findings, correlating mechanical properties with cross-link density and aligning with swelling and shrinkage data. This work enhances the fundamental understanding of hydrogel behavior and offers a predictive tool for optimizing formulations in biomedical, environmental, and industrial applications. This framework may be extended in future work to incorporate external stimuli such as temperature or electromagnetic fields, potentially broadening the application of smart hydrogel systems.

• Language: English
• Keywords: polysaccharide hydrogels, swelling, shrinkage, pH response, mathematical modelling
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 10 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 328, art. 128452
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-168851
• UDC: 678.4:547.458
• ISSN on article: 0032-3861
• DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128452
• COBISS.SI-ID: 234389251
• Publication date in RUL: 28.04.2025

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Polymer
• Shortened title: Polymer
• Publisher: Elsevier
• ISSN: 0032-3861
• COBISS.SI-ID: 99351

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: polisaharidni hidrogeli, nabrekanje, krčenje, pH odziv, matematično modeliranje

Projects

• Funder: ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
• Project number: P2-0191
• Name: Kemijsko inženirstvo