Introduction: Nuclear medicine examinations play a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring diseases in children, enabling early detection and accurate assessment of pathological processes. In pediatric patients, it is essential to consider specific factors such as lower body weight, increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation, and the need for sedation in certain procedures. Purpose: The aim of this thesis was to systematically review the literature to explore the significance and specific aspects of nuclear medicine examinations in children. The focus was on various imaging techniques, the use and adaptation of different radiopharmaceuticals, dose optimization, and the role of sedation and anesthesia in conducting these procedures. Methods: This thesis is based on a systematic review of scientific literature. Source searches were conducted in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and relevant studies published in the last five years were analyzed. Results: The literature review revealed that technological innovations, such as LAFOV PET/CT and PET/MRI, are increasingly being implemented in pediatric nuclear medicine. These advancements enable reduced radiation exposure and faster imaging, allowing children to spend less time undergoing diagnostic procedures and, consequently, decreasing the need for sedation. Additionally, it was found that adapting radiopharmaceutical dosing protocols reduces unnecessary radiation exposure, as doses are determined based on the child’s body weight and age, ensuring greater safety and accuracy. Sedation and anesthesia remain important factors for certain procedures; however, research suggests that appropriate non-pharmacological approaches can help reduce their use. Discussion and conclusion: Findings indicate that balancing diagnostic image quality with minimal radiation exposure is of utmost importance in pediatric patients. The development of new imaging methods and tailored protocols enhances both safety and comfort for children. Despite technological advancements and protocol optimization, further research is needed to support a more individualized approach and improve young patients' experiences. Nuclear medicine remains a key field, where technological progress and a multidisciplinary approach continue to create new opportunities for improving pediatric healthcare.
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