Background: Fibromyalgia is a condition of chronic pain and a range of other multisystem symptoms. Persistent pain, fatigue, and lack of energy can reduce physical activity, limit social contacts, and increase the risk of developing depression and anxiety. The aim of the review was to determine the effectiveness of pain neuroscience education in the treatment of persons with fibromyalgia. Methods: A descriptive research method with a literature review was used. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Open access studies in English, randomised controlled trials or clinical trials published in the last 10 years (2012–2022) that treated persons with fibromyalgia, and used neuroscience techniques were included. Results: Six studies were selected for the literature review. The reviewed studies report statistically significant effects of pain neuroscience education on the perceived impact of fibromyalgia on persons, perceived pain, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, functional performance, and perceived physical function. Better treatment effects are likely to be achieved by including physical activity in nature and personal contact with people with fibromyalgia. Conclusions: The reviewed studies confirmed the effectiveness of pain neuroscience education approaches on several aspects of psychological functioning of people with fibromyalgia. Several face-to-face treatments are likely to be needed to achieve the long-term effects of treatment and to change attitudes about the source of pain.
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