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Izzivi in priložnosti pouka na prostem z elementi tvegane igre v prvih treh razredih osnovne šole v Sloveniji in na Poljskem : magistrsko delo
ID Kren, Dragica (Author), ID Susman, Katarina (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window

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Abstract
Glede na sodobne smernice zagotavljanja kakovostnega izobraževanja se tudi v Sloveniji v ospredje postavlja pomen poučevanja na prostem (PNP). Učenje v takem okolju pogosto pomeni tudi soočanje s tveganji. Tvegana igra (TI) je naravni del otroške igre. Opredeljena je kot vznemirljiva in razburljiva dejavnost, ki vključuje tveganje telesne poškodbe, in igra, ki nudi priložnosti za izzive, preizkušanje in raziskovanje lastnih meja ter učenje o skrbi zase. Sandseter pravi, da otrok preko TI izoblikuje odnos in ravnanje v tveganih situacijah ter se tako pripravlja na tveganja in nevarnosti, ki jih bo srečal v življenju (Sandseter, 2009a). Zagovorniki TI jo opredeljujejo kot bistveno za otrokov celostni razvoj (gibalni, čustveni, socialni in kognitivni). Sandseter (2007) je na osnovi opazovanj opredelila šest vrst tvegane igre in sicer: igranje na višini, igranje pri veliki hitrosti, igranje s pravimi orodji, igranje ob potencialno nevarnih elementih, groba igra, igranje, kjer se lahko izgubimo. Pri tem je pojasnila, da je objektivno tveganje v TI kombinacija značilnosti posameznika in značilnosti okolja, ki lahko na nekoga deluje pozitivno, vzpodbudno, na drugega pa negativno, zaviralno, obremenjujoče (Sandseter, 2010). Učiteljev cilj pri izvajanju TI naj bo, da najprej v pogovoru dobro spozna posameznikove potrebe, želje, ideje, predznanje, nato pa ustrezno načrtuje in izvede dejavnost. Te ne izvede tako, da tveganja odstrani, ampak da jih kontrolira in otroka nauči, kako jih obvladati. Z ustrezno komunikacijo učitelj otroku pri igri nudi podporo in ne vodenja »varno, kolikor je treba, in ne kolikor je mogoče« (ang. »as safe as necessary and not as safe as possible«) in tako soustvarja optimalno TI ob precejšnji samostojnosti otroka (Brussoni et al., 2012). V teoretičnem delu sem na podlagi domačih in tujih virov predstavila značilnosti in posebnosti izvajanja pouka na prostem z elementi tvegane igre v Sloveniji in tujini. V empiričnem delu magistrskega dela sem raziskala izzive in priložnosti izvajanja PNP z e-TI igre v prvih treh razredih osnovne šole v Sloveniji in na Poljskem. Posebno pozornost sem namenila raziskavi, kako izbrani učitelji načrtujejo in izvajajo to obliko pouka ter na kakšen način in koliko časa namenijo pripravi otrok pred izvedbo, sprotni povratni informaciji med igro in pogovoru po izvedbi PNP z e-TI. V raziskavi sem uporabila deskriptivno metodo – intervju. Način vzorčenja je bil neslučajnostni, namenski. Intervjuje sem izvedla z učitelji omenjenih držav. Na osnovi pridobljenih informacij sem oblikovala posterje, primere dejavnosti PNP z e-TI s pregledom ocene tveganj-koristi (ang. risk-benefit assessment) in pogovornimi karticami, ki bodo lahko učiteljem razrednega pouka v pomoč za strukturiran pogovor. S pomočjo oblikovanega obrazca za evalvacijo sem od učiteljev pridobila tudi oceno o uporabnosti oblikovanih didaktičnih pripomočkov. Rezultati raziskav bodo v pomoč pri nadaljnjem izboljševanju in promoviranju izvajanja PNP z e-TI igre v prvem vzgojno-izobraževalnem obdobju osnovne šole v Sloveniji.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:pouk na prostem, tvegana igra, ocena tveganj in koristi, dnevna rutina pogovora, sprotna povratna informacija, osnovnošolsko izobraževanje
Work type:Master's thesis/paper
Typology:2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:PEF - Faculty of Education
Place of publishing:Krakov
Publisher:D. Kren
Year:2024
Number of pages:VIII, 114 str., 104 str. pril.
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-166232 This link opens in a new window
UDC:373.3(043.2)
COBISS.SI-ID:220922883 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:26.12.2024
Views:643
Downloads:146
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Challenges and opportunities of outdoor classroom activities with risk-taking elements in the first three years of primary school in Slovenia and Poland
Abstract:
The importance of outdoor learning is also gaining prominence in Slovenia, given the current trends in the provision of quality education. Learning in such an environment often means facing risks. Play at risk is a natural part of children's play, defined as an exciting and thrilling activity that involves the risk of physical harm, and play that provides opportunities to challenge, test and explore one's limits and learn to take care of oneself. Sandseter argues that through risky play, children develop attitudes and behaviours in risky situations, preparing them for the risks and dangers they will encounter in life (Sandseter, 2009a). Proponents of risky play define it as essential for children's holistic development (motor, emotional, social and cognitive). Sandseter (2007) identified six types of risky play based on observations: play with great heights, play with high speed, play with dangerous tools, play near dangerous elements, rough and tumble play, play where the children can disappear/get lost. She explained that the objective risk in risky play is a combination of individual and environmental characteristics that can have a positive, encouraging effect on one person and also a negative, inhibiting, burdensome effect on another (Sandseter, 2010). The teacher's goal in implementing risky play should be to first get to know the individual's needs, preferences, ideas, and background through conversation, and then to plan and implement the activity accordingly (Sandseter, 2010). This is not done by removing risks, but by controlling them and teaching the child how to manage them. Through appropriate communication, the teacher supports rather than guides the child's play: 'as safe as necessary and not as safe as possible', thus co-creating optimal risky play with the child's considerable autonomy (Brussoni et al., 2012). In the theoretical part, based on national and international sources, I have presented the characteristics and specificities of outdoor classroom activities with risk-taking elements in Slovenia and abroad. In the empirical part of the master thesis, I investigated the challenges and opportunities of implementing outdoor classroom activities with risk-taking elements in the first three grades of primary school in Slovenia and Poland. I paid special attention to the study of how the selected teachers plan and implement this form of teaching, how and how much time they spend on preparing children before the implementation, on-going feedback during the play, and post-implementation discussion. In this research I used a descriptive method – interview. The sampling method was non-randomised, purposive. I conducted interviews with teachers from the countries mentioned. Based on the information gathered, I designed posters, examples of outdoor classroom activities with risk-taking elements with an overview of risk-benefit assessment and discussion cards that can help classroom teachers to have a structured conversation. I also used the evaluation form to obtain teachers' assessment of the usefulness of the didactic tools developed. The results of the research will help to further improve and promote the implementation of outdoor classroom activities with risk-taking elements in the first educational period of primary school in Slovenia.

Keywords:outdoor learning, risky play, risk-benefit assessment, daily routine talk, real-time feedback

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