Driving the future : a comprehensive review of automotive battery management system technologies, and future trends

Rahmani, Pegah (author), Chakraborty, Sajib (author), Mele, Igor (author), Katrašnik, Tomaž (author), Bernhard, Stanje (author), Pruefling, Stephan (author), Wilkins, Steven (author), Hegazy, Omar (author)

To date, a variety of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been utilized in the EV industry, with lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries emerging as a dominant choice. Li-ion batteries have not only captured the automotive market but have also exponentially been used in stationary energy storage sectors, thanks to their extended service life, high power, and volumetric density. The surge in Li-ion battery demand, increasing by approximately 65 % from 330 GWh in 2021 to 550 GWh in 2022, is primarily attributed to the exponential growth in electric vehicles sales. However, despite extensive research in academia and industry on Battery Management Systems (BMS), several gaps persist. Challenges include optimizing battery utilization within real-world operational limits, adapting BMS concerning chemical changes within batteries, e.g., aging, addressing the complexities of cell balancing in future battery packs, restricting fast charging below room temperature, limitations in fault tolerance capabilities, and the tendency to oversize for safety margins. Furthermore, the integration of efficient models (i.e., physics/data) with cutting-edge sensing technology remains a challenge as current BMS are often isolated and disconnected, narrowing the operational limits of battery systems for EV and stationary energy storage applications. This paper conducts a comprehensive review covering all possible aspects of BMS soft- and hardware solutions for EV applications, focusing on technical performance, safety, and reliability. Topics covered physics- and data-based modelling approaches for edge and cloud, state-of-X (SoX) estimation methods, charging strategies, balancing techniques, fault diagnostics, safety considerations, warranty management, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) capabilities. Additionally, the paper sheds light on emerging technologies and future opportunities in this related field.

• Language: English
• Keywords: advanced battery management systems, battery blanacing systems, digital twins
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.02 - Review Article
• Organization: FS - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2025
• Number of pages: 41 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 629, [art. no.] 235827
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-166077
• UDC: 621.3
• ISSN on article: 0378-7753
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235827
• COBISS.SI-ID: 219863555
• Publication date in RUL: 19.12.2024

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Journal of power sources
• Shortened title: J. power sources
• Publisher: Elsevier
• ISSN: 0378-7753
• COBISS.SI-ID: 25782784

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Projects

• Funder: EC - European Commission
• Funding programme: HE
• Project number: 101103898
• Name: NEXT-generation physics and data-based Battery Management Systems for optimised battery utilization
• Acronym: NEXTBMS

• Funder: EC - European Commission
• Funding programme: HE
• Project number: 101137975
• Name: Situationally aware innovative battery management system for next generation vehicles
• Acronym: InnoBMS