Med upanjem kot darom in iluzijami samozadostnega subjekta

Jamnik, Anton (author)

Po opisu utvare neskončnega napredka v zgodovini, ki temelji na zavračanju eshatološkega krščanskega upanja, predstavljamo dva sodobna predloga oz. iluziji, kako se izogniti popolnemu brezupu. Prvi ohranja upanje v stvarjenje novega človeka s pomočjo znanosti in tehnologije – razumska korupcija krščanske eshatologije; drugi predlaga, da se v celoti osredinimo na sedanjost in opustimo vse upanje – filozofija obupa, ki se prepušča absurdu in nihilizmu. Obe utvari temeljita na antropologiji dejavnega subjekta, ki ima stvari pod nadzorom – kar v sodobni razpravi o definiciji osebe in njenih bioetičnih implikacijah bolj ali manj prevladuje – in zavrača antropologijo dovzetnosti, ranljivosti in odvisnosti. Z roko v roki hodita tudi z antropološkim premikom od primata razuma k primatu svobode, razumljene v subjektivnem smislu. Paradoksalno je, da izkušnja brezizhodnih okoliščin (okoliščin, v katerih je človek upravičeno v skušnjavi, da upanje izgubi) omogoča do upanja privilegiran dostop. Takšne so recimo okoliščine postmodernega subjekta, ujetega v svoj ,mehurček‘ nadzora nad sedanjostjo in nad samim seboj, ki primat pripisuje svobodi, omejeni z ničemer drugim kot z njegovo lastno izbiro. Izkušnja soočanja z brezizhodnimi okoliščinami, ki sprožajo obup, je ironično tudi izkušnja, ki človeku dopušča, da ta ,mehurček‘ predre in se tako odpre za skrajno drugačnost in upanje. Takšno upanje ni upanje, ki ga subjekt doseže z lastnimi močmi, temveč tip upanja, ki je kakor dar – njegov arhetip je eshatološko krščansko upanje. Upanje je krepost, je moč, je junaška odločnost duše. Najvišja oblika upanja pa je premagan obup. V zaključku poudarjamo, da je upanje konkretizacija pristnega človeškega življenja, ki ga določata tako avtonomija kot skrajna dovzetnost oz. sprejemanje daru.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: upanje, obup, krščanstvo, znanost, tehnologija, nihilizem, absurd, sekularizacija, postmoderna
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.02 - Review Article
• Organization: TEOF - Theological Faculty
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Publication date: 01.01.2021
• Year: 2021
• Number of pages: Str. 807-824
• Numbering: Letn. 81, [št.] 4
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-164037
• UDC: 141.7:299.5
• ISSN on article: 0006-5722
• DOI: 10.34291/BV2021/04/Jamnik
• COBISS.SI-ID: 91381763
• Publication date in RUL: 16.10.2024

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Bogoslovni vestnik : glasilo Teološke fakultete v Ljubljani
• Shortened title: Bogosl. vestn.
• Publisher: Teološka fakulteta
• ISSN: 0006-5722
• COBISS.SI-ID: 8745472

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Between hope as a gift and illusions of a self-sufficient subject

Abstract

After describing the illusion of indefinite progress in history, based on the rejection of eschatological Christian hope, the author presents two contemporary propositions or rather illusions on how to avoid total despair. The first one preserves hope into creating a new man with the help of science and technology – Christian eschatology corrupted by reason; the second one suggests that we should entirely focus on the present and abandon all hope – the philosophy of hope which surrenders itself to absurd and nihilism. These two illusions are based on the anthropology of an active subject who has everything under control – which more or less dominates the contemporary discussion on the definition of a person and their bioethical implications – and rejects the anthropology of susceptibility, vulnerability and dependence. They walk hand in hand with the anthropological shift from the primate of reason to the primate of liberty, understood subjectively. Paradoxically, the privileged access to hope is an experience of hopeless circumstances: circumstances in which man is rightly tempted to lose hope. Such are, for instance, the circumstances of the post-modern subject, caught in his own little ‚bubble‘ of control over the present and over himself, who attributes the primate to liberty, limited by nothing else but his own choice. The experience of facing hopeless circumstances which incite despair is ironically also an experience that allows man to burst this ‚bubble‘ and thus open himself to extreme difference and hope. Such hope is not to hope which the subject could acquire with his own strength; it is the sort of hope which is a gift, and its archetype is the eschatological Christian hope. Hope is a virtue; hope is strength; hope is the heroic determination of a soul. The highest form of hope is to overcome despair. The author concludes that hope is the realisation of the authentic human life determined by autonomy and extreme susceptibility or the gift’s acceptance.

• Keywords: hope, despair, Christianity, science, technology, nihilsm, absurd, secularization, postmodern