We developed nanocomposite gels for dermal delivery of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) flurbiprofen for human and veterinary medicine applications. Flurbiprofen, a propionic acid derivate, is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders. Dermal NSAID delivery offers a safer alternative to oral delivery by targeting the site of inflammation, reducing the extent of systemic exposure, and thereby lowering the risk of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal complications. However, Flurbiprofen’s low aqueous solubility (classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System II), presents a challenge in dermal delivery. To overcome this challenge, we encapsulated flurbiprofen into polymeric nanoparticles using polycaprolactone as the polymer, prepared via solvent displacement. The resulting nanoparticle dispersions were lyophilized with the cryoprotectants D-(+)-trehalose (TRE) and polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG), reconstituted in aqueous media, and then incorporated into SEPIGEL® 305, a high-performance gelling agent, to create nanocomposite gels. These gels enhance skin penetration and serve as a non-irritating vehicle for dermal drug delivery. The nanocomposite gels underwent physicochemical evaluation, including measurements of pH, appearance, morphology (using scanning electron microscopy), porosity, swelling, erosion, and extensibility studies, to confirm their suitability for dermal application. Using Franz diffusion chambers, we evaluated in vitro release profiles of flurbiprofen and examined its ex vivo permeability through human, porcine, and bovine skin. This was followed by in vivo testing in healthy volunteers, where we monitored potential changes in skin hydration (using corneometry) and transepidermal water loss before and after the application of the prepared formulations. This allowed us to assess the impact of the formulations without flurbiprofen (i.e., containing only excipients) on the skin's barrier function. Our experiments demonstrated that the nanocomposite gels, prepared with different cryoprotectants, were suitable for dermal delivery, and exhibited effective ex vivo skin permeation of flurbiprofen. The results showed, with statistically significant differences, that the nanocomposite gel with TRE as a cryoprotectant was better suited for bovine skin, while the nanocomposite gel with PEG, which is known for its penetration-enhancing properties, was more effective in human and porcine skin. These findings highlight the potential of nanocomposite gels for dermal delivery of flurbiprofen in human and veterinary medicine. Future research could focus on optimizing these formulations for specific clinical conditions, conducting larger-scale in vivo studies, and exploring alternative cryoprotectants to enhance the performance of nanocomposite gels further.
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