Philosophy has traditionally been considered the branch of knowledge from which all sciences are derived, as well as the fundamental science that helps us make sense of our position in the world and develop our relationship with other people and living beings. In modern times, due to the dominance of psychological opinion, this key role of philosophy is getting lost in translation. In this assignment, I will try to show that philosophy is still relevant, not only in its Socratic (dialectical) dimension, but also as a basis on which we build and justify different sciences and their interconnections. Philosophy can help us in modern times, imbued with various psychological doctrines, to form a critical attitude towards them, because the philosophical emphasis on conceptual analysis makes it possible to critically address the implicit assumptions of various explanatory systems. In this assignment, I will try to show how we can make sense of the fundamental psychological doctrines of the 20th century – introspectionism, behaviorism, cognitivism and gestalt psychology – with the conceptual analysis developed separately by Wittgenstein and Merleau-Ponty. In doing so, I will try to distinguish the fundamental similarities and differences between Merleau-Ponty's and Wittgenstein's approaches. Although the two philosophers are extremely different in many respects, I will show that their philosophical considerations are compatible in the context of modern philosophical psychology. Namely, both of them analyze the notions of feeling, perception, attention and the body, which, in my opinion, modernize the traditional philosophical psychology originating in the 18th century, whose main object was to determine the scope of scientific psychology. I will conclude that philosophical psychology is key to maintaining the possibility of a new psychology that seeks to preserve the role of experience. Here I will emphasize that I do not want to understand the experience as something superfluous, but on the contrary, as something primary, as a negative point around which all (positive) content is arranged.
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