The conferral of rights to nature is a relatively new concept in international environmental law. Advocates of the rights of nature emphasize the need for a thorough reconsideration of the ontology of environmental law, advocating a divergence from the prevailing anthropocentric approach toward a novel, alternative ontology grounded in recognition of the interconnectedness and interdependence of humans and nature. They argue that only by acknowledging nature not merely as a resource for human exploitation but as an entity vested with rights can we begin to build a more just, sustainable, and balanced society that strives for harmonious coexistence with the natural world. The conferral of rights to nature is rooted in a deeper transformation of (Western) values. A significant contribution to the development of the rights of nature stems from Indigenous cultures, which have, for centuries, adhered to principles of ecocentric coexistence and remain a leading global force in the recognition of these rights. The concept of the rights of nature seeks to recognize nature, or specific natural entities, as legal subjects vested with inherent rights to exist, develop, and regenerate. While the concept is not yet fully ideologically developed, examples of its implementation around the world demonstrate that it is not merely of theoretical value. Initiatives advocating for the rights of nature are also reflected in non-binding international instruments, such as the World Charter for Nature and the Universal Declaration on the Rights of Mother Earth, which guide further development. However, the transition to ecocentric legal frameworks is impeded by the inherent complexity of legal systems, necessitating the harmonization of diverse legal, cultural, and political frameworks, while also requiring adaptation to global environmental challenges and the needs of future generations. The key issues, such as the enforceability of the rights of nature, their compatibility with human rights, and their integration into existing legal systems, have yet to be resolved.
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