Apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) is the most important fruit species in Slovenia, cultivated on nearly half of the intensive orchard areas. Apples are a significant part of
the diet, as they contain vitamins, minerals, and other health-beneficial substances. However, apple production is increasingly threatened by climate change, which raises the frequency of late spring frosts. From 2016 to 2021, frost damage was considerably above the desired level every year. Frost is most commonly fought with sprinkling, which is an expensive protection method and must be carried out correctly, otherwise, the damage can be even greater. Low temperatures cause the formation of ice crystals that damage cells, there is also an increase in reactive oxygen species, which harm cellular structures. The plant responds to cold stress by producing proteins that protect membranes and chromosomes from damage, consuming a lot of energy in the process. The use of biostimulants to prevent frost shows great potential, as it increases the content of substances that help the plant fight abiotic stress. Additionally, it is a cheaper protection method than all known methods so far, as no additional technological equipment is needed for the application of biostimulants. Seaweed extracts and protein hydrolysates are the most researched and promising biostimulants that prevent frost.
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