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Exploration of novel solid-phase extraction modes for analysis of multiclass emerging contaminants
ID Kravos, Aleksander (Author), ID Prosen, Helena (Author)

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Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has gained an essential role in environmental analytical chemistry. Classic off-line SPE coupled with LC-MS/MS systems creates powerful analytical procedures for ultratrace analysis of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water. But, being associated with tedious work and large consumption of materials, alternative SPE modes are becoming interesting. As so, the study focuses on development, evaluation, and overall comparison of established and novel SPE modes. Off-line SPE, dispersive micro SPE (DMSPE), and ‘fast’ single-pump on-line SPE were explored, using commercially available sorbents. Their efficiency was evaluated on their performance in water analysis of 20 multiclass CECs. Hydrophilic-lipophilic sorbent and mixture of C18/C8 sorbents were the best choice for off-line and DMSPE, respectively. All optimized SPE modes coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS reached environmentally-relevant limits of detection (LODs 0.1− 12 ng L$^{−1}$), acceptable repeatability (<20 % RSD), and exhibited less than ±30 % matrix effects in real river water sample. Among all, on-line SPE showed a potential to fully replace the well-established off-line SPE and even improve analytical performance. This was due to the best repeatability (<10 % RSD), automatization, simplicity, the highest multiplexing capacity, as well as comparable LODs of <2 ng L$^{−1}$. DMSPE is, on the other hand, the most innovative and could be seen as a quick and green alternative to off-line SPE for determination of semi-to-nonpolar CECs, but within sub-10 ng L$^{−1}$ range. Overall, the study shows workflow for the exploration of important and promising sample pretreatment techniques in water analysis. Comparison of the developed three SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS methods suggests that alternative SPE modes can compete with the well-established off-line SPE and can even improve the analysis quality if properly applied.

Language:English
Keywords:contaminants of emerging concern, sample pretreatment, method development, off-line SPE, on-line SPE, dispersive micro solid-phase extraction
Work type:Article
Typology:1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Version of Record
Year:2024
Number of pages:12 str.
Numbering:Vol. 1319, art. 342955
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-159801 This link opens in a new window
UDC:542.61
ISSN on article:0003-2670
DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2024.342955 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:201913091 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:25.07.2024
Views:241
Downloads:81
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Record is a part of a journal

Title:Analytica chimica acta
Shortened title:Anal. chim. acta
Publisher:Elsevier
ISSN:0003-2670
COBISS.SI-ID:5085447 This link opens in a new window

Licences

License:CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:novodobna organska onesnaževala, tehnike priprave vzorca, razvoj analiznih metod, off-line SPE, on-line SPE, disperzivna mikroekstrakcija na trdno fazo

Projects

Funder:ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
Project number:I0-0022
Name:Mreža raziskovalnih infrastrukturnih centrov Univerze v Ljubljani (MRIC UL)

Funder:ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
Project number:P1-0153
Name:Raziskave in razvoj analiznih metod in postopkov

Funder:ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
Funding programme:Young researchers

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