Didaktična učila in igre iz odpadnega materiala za aktivno učenje v vrtcu in 1. razredu osnovne šole : diplomsko delo

Cerar, Natalija (author), Avsec, Stanislav (mentor), Kurent, Brina (comentor)

Igra je dejavnost, ki že stoletja priteguje pozornost filozofov, biologov, zdravnikov in pedagogov, saj pomembno vpliva na različne vidike otrokovega razvoja. Pomembno je razumeti, da igra ni zgolj zabava, ampak ima tudi vzgojno in razvojno funkcijo. Skozi igro otroci razvijajo svoje socialne in kognitivne veščine, občutijo varnost in veselje, raziskujejo svet okoli sebe, razvijajo domišljijo in ustvarjalnost ter krepijo samostojnost in samozavest. Pedagogi poudarjajo, da bi moral biti otroški svet, vključno s šolo, prežet z igro. Učenje, po mnenju nekaterih, ne bi smelo biti nasprotno igri. Didaktične igre, zasnovane za izobraževalne namene, spodbujajo kognitivno razumevanje in pridobivanje znanja, omogočajo celosten pristop k poučevanju ter prispevajo k boljšim učnim rezultatom. Poleg izobraževalne vrednosti pa didaktične igre nudijo tudi priložnost za okoljsko vzgojo. Didaktične igre iz odpadnega materiala ne le spodbujajo ustvarjalnost in inovativnost, ampak tudi ozaveščajo otroke o pomenu trajnostnega ravnanja. S tem krepijo njihov odnos do narave in odgovornost do okolja, kar je ključnega pomena za razvoj okoljsko ozaveščenih generacij. Vodilni namen diplomskega dela je bil raziskati in predstaviti vlogo didaktičnih pripomočkov pri učenju, še posebej v predšolskem in zgodnjem šolskem izobraževanju. Diplomsko delo poudarja pomen igre za otrokov psiho-fizični razvoj ter prepletanje učenja z igro skozi alternativne metode poučevanja. Osredotoča se na analizo vpliva izdelanih didaktičnih iger iz odpadnega materiala na motivacijo in razumevanje matematične snovi pri učencih ter na raziskovanje stališč strokovnih delavcev glede uporabe didaktičnih pripomočkov, vključno s tistimi iz odpadnega materiala. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili igro, pomembnost prepletanja učenja in igre, kjer smo se navezali na alternativne metode poučevanja in s tem tudi na didaktične igre. Raziskali smo prepletanje aktivnega in izkustvenega učenja, kateri omogoča celosten pristop k poučevanju, ter predstavili različne didaktične pristope, prilagojene potrebam in sposobnostim učencev. Obravnavali smo okoljsko vzgojo ter pomen odgovornega ravnanja z odpadki, vključno z ločevanjem in recikliranjem, ter opredelili različne vrste embalaže in njihov vpliv na okolje. V empiričnem delu smo predstavili rezultate anketnega vprašalnika, v katerem je sodelovalo 150 vzgojiteljev predšolskih otrok, pomočnikov vzgojiteljev in drugih strokovnih delavcev. Poleg tega smo zasnovali, izdelali in opisali postopek izdelave petih didaktičnih iger iz odpadnega materiala za področje matematike ter s pomočjo ocenjevalnega lista ovrednotili njihovo uporabo pri 18 otrocih 1. razreda. Ugotovili smo, da so didaktični pripomočki dokaj prisotni v vzgoji in izobraževanju mlajših otrok, najpogosteje pri matematiki in slovenščini, pri čemer prevladujejo ročno izdelani pripomočki. Strokovni delavci poudarjajo kakovost kot najpomembnejšo lastnost in menijo, da imajo pripomočki iz odpadnega materiala največji vpliv na pridobivanje znanja, razvijanje ustvarjalnosti in krepitev odnosa do narave. Večina anketiranih ne opaža znatnih razlik v uporabi kupljenih in ročno izdelanih učil, tisti, ki jih, pa menijo, da otroci raje uporabljajo ročno izdelana učila. Analiza uporabe didaktičnih pripomočkov pri učenju matematike med 18 učenci je pokazala, da ti bistveno povečujejo motivacijo in razumevanje matematične snovi, kar se odraža v boljšem usvojenem znanju in računskih spretnostih učencev. Učenci so z uporabo didaktičnih iger bolj motivirani in dosegajo boljše rezultate, kar potrjuje njihovo učinkovitost. S tem diplomskim delom smo želeli spodbuditi strokovne delavce k uporabi didaktičnih iger in pripomočkov ter aktivnem vključevanju otrok v učni proces, s čimer bi povečali motivacijo, razumevanje in celostni razvoj učencev. Prav tako smo si prizadevali ozavestiti strokovne delavce o prednostih teh metod ter o njihovem pomenu za ustvarjanje učinkovitejšega in bolj ustvarjalnega izobraževalnega okolja.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Predšolska vzgoja, Didaktične igre, Odpadki, didaktične igre in učila iz odpadnega materiala, aktivno učenje, igra, odpadni materiali
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: PEF - Faculty of Education
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: N. Cerar
• Year: 2024
• Number of pages: VIII, 80, VII str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-159289
• UDC: 628.4:37.091.64 (043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 200989955
• Publication date in RUL: 05.07.2024

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Teaching aids and games made from waste materials for active learning in kindergarten and grade 1 of primary school

Abstract

Playing games is an activity that has attracted the attention of philosophers, biologists, doctors and educators for centuries since it has an important impact on children and their development. It's important to realise that playing games isn't just having fun but it has an important educational and developmental function. Children develop their social and cognitive abilities through games, they feel safe and happy, they explore their environment, develop their imagination and creativity and they also become independent and self-confident. Educators emphasize the fact that every educational institution, including school, should promote games. Some believe that playing games isn't the opposite of learning. Didactic games have an educational goal and they encourage cognitive understanding and learning, they enable a comprehensive approach to teaching and they contribute to better learning results. They also offer the opportunity for environmental education. Didactic games made from waste material not only develop creativity and innovation but also make them aware of the sustainable development. This allows them to build their relationship with nature and their responsibility to the environment which is of great importance in creating generations of environmentally aware children. The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to explore and present the role of didactic accessories, especially in preschool education and in the early years of elementary education. The diploma thesis emphasises the importance of playing games in a child psychophysical development and it also emphasizes the intertwining of learning with games through alternative teaching methods. It focuses on the analysis of the impact that didactic games made from waste material have on pupil's motivation and understanding maths and also on exploring educators' point of view on using these teaching aids, including the ones made from waste material. In the theoretical part we presented playing games, the importance of intertwining learning and games, where we focused on alternative teaching methods and by that didactic games as well. We did research on active and experiential learning which enables a comprehensive approach to teaching. We presented different didactic approaches adjusted to the pupils' needs and abilities. We dealt with environmental education and the meaning of responsible waste treatment, including sorting and recycling rubbish, and we defined different kinds of packaging and their impact on the environment. In the empirical part of the thesis we presented the results of the questionnaire done by 150 preschool teachers, assistants to preschool teachers and other professional workers. We also designed and described the process of making five didactic games made from waste material for math teaching and with the help of an assessment sheet we evaluated their use in 18 first graders. We discovered that didactic aids are rather present in early childhood learning, most frequently in subjects such as Slovene and Maths. In these two subjects mostly handmade aids prevail. Educators emphasize the quality as the most important characteristic and they believe that teaching aids made from waste material have the biggest impact on learning, developing creativity and building a relationship with nature. Most of the interviewees don't see the difference between the toys bought from a shop and the handmade toys. Those that see this difference believe that children prefer handmade toys. The analysis of the use of didactic aids in teaching Maths among 18 pupils showed fundamental increase of motivation and understanding maths which is shown in better knowledge and calculation abilities. Pupils using these didactic games are more motivated and show better learning results which proves that these games are effective. With this diploma thesis we wanted to encourage educators in using didactic games and teaching aids and also to encourage them to actively include children in the learning process. This would result in better motivation, understanding and comprehensive development of children. We strived to make the educators be aware of the advantages of these methods and their significance in creating a more effective and creative learning environment.

• Keywords: didactic games and teaching aids from waste material, active learning, games, waste material