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Gender pay gap in Slovenia: empirical analysis of microdata : doctoral thesis
ID Poje, Andreja (Author), ID Kanjuo-Mrčela, Aleksandra (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window, ID Čok, Mitja (Comentor)

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Abstract
The PhD thesis contributes to the missing analyses of the gender wage gap at the level of occupations and jobs in the Slovenian public sector. It explains the causes of the gender wage gap and sheds light on the key mechanisms generating and perpetuating it within the context of the public sector wage system. The analyses focus on three selected occupations: the female-dominated occupation of nurses, the male-dominated occupation of police officers, and the more gender-neutral occupation of higher education teachers. The thesis answers the fundamental research question using an explanatory, two-phase mixed-methods design and employing quantitative and qualitative analyses. The quantitative analyses comprise four complementary analyses based on panel data for nurses and police officers. Obtaining wage data posed a significant challenge, and regrettably, obtaining wage data for higher education teachers was impossible. Various regression analyses were utilised to identify gender wage gaps at different levels and in individual wage components. Additionally, unconditional quantile regression was employed to analyse gender wage gaps across the wage distribution. A descriptive thematic analysis of data from semi-structured interviews with 36 employees from three selected occupations, a representative of the Ministry of Labour, Family, Social Affairs, and Equal Opportunities, and seven negotiators of collective agreements and the public sector wage system offered insight into the causes of the gender pay gap at the job level. The results of the regression analyses confirm smaller gender wage gaps among nurses and larger ones among police officers, but these gaps differ by job and across the wage distribution within both occupations. The analyses also confirm significant gender differences in various add-ons and performance bonuses. Qualitative analysis reveals that the factors influencing the gender pay gap are closely interconnected and interlinked. The primary cause of the gender wage gap is promotions and the speed of promotions, which, for nurses and police officers, rely on supervisor assessments perceived by most interviewees as subjective and biased. Criteria are deemed non-gender-neutral and non-transparent, allowing for the particularism of supervisors. Conversely, most higher education teachers posit that the pace of vertical promotions and absences due to family commitments are pivotal in creating gender wage gaps within this occupation. For nurses and police officers, performance pay and add-ons for working conditions also hold significance. One of the most important findings of the thesis is that pay opacity is a major barrier to identifying and closing the gender wage gap. Additionally, the analysis underscores the influence of organisational dynamics, gender roles, and parenthood in sustaining segregation, discrimination, and gender inequality. The PhD thesis offers comprehensive and substantial new data on gender wage gaps at the job level and across various wage elements within selected occupations. As the first comprehensive study to investigate the gender wage gap in Slovenia, its findings constitute a pivotal empirical contribution and a significant advancement in the fields of science and sociology. Moreover, these findings hold the potential for significant social and political implications.

Language:English
Keywords:gender, gender pay/wage gap, wage system, the gender gap in wage elements, promotions, labour market, segregation, discrimination, occupations, nurses/technicians, police officers, higher education teachers
Work type:Doctoral dissertation
Typology:2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization:FDV - Faculty of Social Sciences
Place of publishing:Ljubljana
Publisher:A. Poje
Year:2024
Number of pages:331 str.
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-158602 This link opens in a new window
UDC:331.2:316.346.2(497.4)(043.3)
COBISS.SI-ID:200292611 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:17.06.2024
Views:341
Downloads:77
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Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Title:Plačna vrzel med spoloma v Sloveniji: empirična analiza na mikropodatkih : doktorska disertacija
Abstract:
Doktorska naloga prispeva k manjkajočim analizam plačne vrzeli med spoloma na ravni poklicev in delovnih mest v slovenskem javnem sektorju. Pojasnjuje vzroke za nastanek plačne vrzeli in osvetljuje mehanizme, ki so ključni za njeno ustvarjanje in ohranjanje v okviru sistema plač v javnem sektorju. Analize se osredotočajo na tri izbrane poklice: žensko-središčni poklic medicinska sestra/medicinski tehnik, moško-središčni poklic policist/policistka ter spolno nevtralnejši poklic visokošolski učitelj/visokošolska učiteljica. S pomočjo pojasnjevalne in dvofazne zasnove mešanih metod ter uporabo kvantitativne in kvalitativne analize odgovarja na temeljno raziskovalno vprašanje. Kvantitativna analiza vključuje štirih komplementarne analize, ki se med seboj dopolnjujejo in temeljijo na pridobljenih panelnih podatkih za medicinske sestre/tehnike ter policiste/policistke. Pridobivanje podatkov o plačah je predstavljalo velik izziv, podatkov o plačah za visokošolske učitelje/učiteljice pa žal ni bilo mogoče pridobiti. S pomočjo različnih regresijskih analiz so bile ugotovljene razlike v plačah med spoloma na različnih ravneh in v posameznih elementih plače. S pomočjo uporabe brezpogojne kvantile regresije pa tudi razlike v plačah med spoloma po plačni distribuciji. Deskriptivna tematska analiza podatkov, pridobljenih s polstrukturiranimi intervjuji s 36 zaposlenimi iz izbranih treh poklicev, predstavnico Ministrstva za delo, družino, socialne zadeve in enake možnosti ter 7 pogajalci za kolektivne pogodbe in sistem plač v javnem sektorju, je omogočila razumevanje vzrokov za nastanek plačne vrzeli med spoloma na ravni delovnih mest. Rezultati regresijskih analiz potrjujejo manjše plačne vrzeli med medicinskimi sestrami in večje med policisti, ki pa se v obeh poklicih razlikujejo po delovnih mestih in vzdolž plačne distribucije. Analize potrjujejo tudi precejšnje razlike med spoloma pri različnih dodatkih za pogoje dela in delovno uspešnost. Kvalitativna analiza kaže, da so dejavniki, ki vplivajo na plačno vrzel med spoloma med seboj močno povezani in prepleteni. Najpomembnejši razlog za razlike v plačah med spoloma predstavljajo napredovanja in hitrost napredovanj, ki je pri medicinskih sestrah in policistih odvisna od ocene nadrejenega, ki jo večina intervjuvancev dojema kot subjektivno in pristransko. Kriteriji in merila omogočajo partikularizem nadrejenih, so spolno ne-nevtralna in nepregledna. Po drugi strani večina visokošolskih učiteljev in učiteljic ocenjuje, da je za ustvarjanje vrzeli v plačah v tem poklicu ključna hitrost vertikalnih napredovanj in odsotnosti zaradi družinskih obveznosti. Pri medicinskih sestrah in policistih ima pomembno vlogo tudi plačilo za delovno uspešnost in dodatki za neugodne pogoje dela. Ena pomembnejših ugotovitev disertacije je, da predstavlja netransparentnost plač ključno oviro, ki omogoča ohranjanje razlik v plačilu med spoloma. Analiza izpostavlja tudi vlogo organizacijske dinamike, spolnih vlog in starševstva pri ohranjanju segregacije, diskriminacije in neenakosti med spoloma. Doktorska disertacija zagotavlja bogate nove podatke o plačnih vrzelih med spoloma na ravni delovnih mest in v različnih elementih plače v izbranih poklicih. Doktorska disertacija je prva, ki poglobljeno raziskuje plačno vrzel med spoloma v Sloveniji in zato s svojimi ugotovitvami prinaša pomemben empirični doprinos in pomembno prispeva k razvoju znanosti, sociološkega znanstvenega področja in bi lahko imela pomembne družbene in politične posledice.

Keywords:spol, razlika v plačilu med spoloma, plačni sistem, razlika v posameznih elementih plače med spoloma, napredovanja, trg dela, segregacija, diskriminacija, medicinske sestre/zdravstveni tehniki, policisti/policistke, visokošolski učitelji/učiteljice

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