Analiza in vrednotenje ekstraktov konoplje (Cannabis sativa var. 'Futura 75'), pridobljenih z ekstrakcijami z organskimi topili, superkritičnim CO2 in subkritično vodo

Čuš, Tilen (author), Kočevar Glavač, Nina (mentor), Schoss, Katja (comentor)

Konoplja (Cannabis Sativa L.) je zaradi svoje raznovrstne uporabe tako v farmacevtski, prehranski, kozmetični in tekstilni industriji požela veliko zanimanje. Od številnih spojin, ki so prisotne v konoplji, so osrednjo točko raziskovanja zavzeli kanabinoidi, ki so bioaktivne spojine, značilne za konopljo, in imajo širok razpon možnih bioloških učinkov. Pri tem so za pridobivanje visokokakovostnih, biološko aktivnih izvlečkov ključne učinkovite metode ekstrakcije. Namen magistrske naloge je bil proučiti ekstrakcijo s subkritično vodo kot metodo za pridobivanje izvlečkov konoplje in le-te primerjati z izvlečki, pridobljenimi z drugimi uveljavljenimi metodami, kot so ekstrakcija s superkritičnim CO2, ultrazvočna ekstrakcija z organskimi topili in vodo ter Soxhletova ekstrakcija. Gravimetrično smo ovrednotili izplen ekstrakcij. S pomočjo spektrofotometričnih metod smo analizirali antioksidativno aktivnost izvlečkov in skupno količino polifenolov. S HPLC smo ovrednotili količino posameznih kanabinoidov v izvlečkih. S Clevengerjevo destilacijo smo pridobili eterično olje in kondenzirano vodno fazo destilacije ter z GC-MS analizirali in primerjali njuno sestavo. Ugotovili smo, da se izvlečki med seboj bistveno razlikujejo po preiskovanih lastnostih. Najvišji izplen ekstrakcije dosežemo pri ekstrakciji s subkritično vodo (35,91 %), pri čemer sta glavna dejavnika, ki vplivata na izplen, temperatura in razmerje med maso vstopne rastlinske droge in volumnom topila. Ekstrakcija s subkritično vodo se ni izkazala kot primerna metoda za ekstrakcijo kanabinoidov. Prav tako nam ni uspelo ugotoviti povezave med dejavniki ekstrakcije in količino kanabinoidov. Za ta namen sta se kot najprimernejši izkazala Soxhletova ekstrakcija (izplen 36,06 % CBG) in visokotlačna etanolna ekstrakcija (izplen 17,39 % CBGA). Z ekstrakcijo s subkritično vodo pa nam je uspelo pridobiti izvlečke, ki imajo primerljivo visoko antioksidativno aktivnost in količino polifenolov kot izvlečki, pridobljeni z drugimi metodami. Kot glavni parameter se je pri tem izkazala temperatura, ki je bila v pozitivni korelaciji z antioksidativno aktivnostjo in količino polifenolov. Ugotovili smo tudi, da se eterično olje in kondenzirana vodna faza Clevengerjeve destilacije bistveno razlikujeta po sestavi; eterično olje pretežno vsebuje seskviterpene (82,51 %) in oksidirane seskviterpene (9,12 %), v vodni fazi pa najdemo pretežno oksidirane monoterpene (34,97 %) in neterpenske spojine s karbonilno skupino (45,16 %).

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: antioksidativna aktivnost, Cannabis sativa, ekstrakcija s subkritično vodo, hlapne spojine, kanabinoidi
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-153370
• Publication date in RUL: 23.12.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Analysis and evaluation of cannabis extracts (Cannabis sativa var. 'Futura 75') obtained with organic solvents, supercritical CO2 and subcritical water

Abstract

The use of hemp (Cannabis Sativa) has attracted much interest due to its versatile applications in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, cosmetic and textile industries. The focus is on cannabinoids, bioactive compounds that are characteristic of hemp and have a wide range of biological effects. To obtain high-quality, biologically active extracts, efficacious extraction methods are crucial. The aim of this master's thesis was to investigate subcritical water extraction as a method for obtaining hemp extracts and to compare them with extracts obtained by other established methods such as supercritical CO2 extraction, ultrasonic extraction with organic solvents and water, and Soxhlet extraction. The extraction yield was determined gravimetrically. Spectrophotometric methods were used to analyze the antioxidant activity of the extracts and the total amount of polyphenols. HPLC was used to determine the quantity of individual cannabinoids in the extracts. In addition, the essential oil and the condensed aqueous phase of the distillation were obtained by Clevenger distillation, and their compositions were analyzed and compared using GC-MS. It was found that the extracts differed considerably in the studied properties. The highest extraction yield was obtained with subcritical water extraction (35,91%), and temperature and the drug to solvent ratio were the main parameters affecting the yield. Subcritical water extraction did not prove to be a suitable method for the extraction of cannabinoids. Similarly, we could not establish a correlation between extraction parameters and cannabinoid content. For this purpose, Soxhlet extraction (36.06% CBG) and high-pressure ethanol extraction (17.39% CBGA) proved to be the most suitable. Subcritical water extraction yielded extracts with comparable high antioxidant activity and polyphenol content to extracts obtained by other methods. Temperature appeared as a key parameter and showed a strong positive correlation with antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. Essential oil and condensed Clevenger water fraction were found to be significantly different, the former containing predominantly sesquiterpenes (82.51%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (9.12%), while the latter was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (34.97%) and non-terpene compounds with carbonyl groups (45.16%).

• Keywords: antioxidant activity, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, subcritical water extraction, volatile compounds