Sprememba cene pri gradbeni pogodbi zaradi spremembe cen na trgu

Nasufi, Beluar (author), Dugar, Gregor (mentor)

Institut spremembe pogodbene cene zaradi spremembe cen elementov na trgu, ki ga v slovenskem pravnem redu urejata Obligacijski zakonik in Posebne gradbene uzance, je namenjen predvsem minimiziranju tveganj, ki sta jim izpostavljena naročnik in izvajalec zaradi naglih sprememb cen na trgu. Institut sicer varuje obe stranki, saj predvideva možnosti zahtevati prilagoditve cene tako za izvajalca kot tudi naročnika, vendar se ga večinoma poslužujejo izvajalci, saj se le redko zgodi, da cene na trgu nepredvidljivo padejo. Zakonodajalec je institut uvedel zaradi same narave gradbene pogodbe, za katero je značilno, da izpolnitev obveznosti lahko traja dolgo časa, zaradi česar sta obe stranki podvrženi večim tveganjem, med njimi tudi nagli rasti cen materialov na podlagi katerih stranki določita pogodbeno ceno. Čeprav gre pri tem institutu za posebno obliko instituta spremenjenih okoliščin, pa za razliko od slednjega zakon predvideva izvensodno uveljavljanje pravice do spremembe cene (tj. enostranski obligacijski zahtevek), prav tako pa lahko stranki zahtevata spremembo pogodbe in ne samo razvezo pogodbe, kot to velja pri spremenjenih okoliščinah. Poseben pomen ima določba 656. člena Obligacijskega zakonika, ki predvideva, da lahko izvajalec zahteva spremembo pogodbene cene tudi, če sta se stranki v pogodbi dogovorili, da je pogodbena cena fiksna, če so se cene za elemente zvišale toliko, da bi morala biti cena za dela več kot za deset odstotkov višja. Ta določba ima kogentno naravo, kar pomeni, da je stranki ne moreta popolnoma izključiti in kot takšna omejuje pogodbeno avtonomijo strank, vendar je njen namen varstvo izvajalca (oz. naročnika), pred nenadnimi in naglimi spremembami na trgu, ki bi lahko imele zelo hudo posledice.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Gradbena pogodba, pogodbena cena, sprememba cene, razlike v ceni, cene elementov, spremenjene okoliščine, tveganje, enostranski zahtevek, klavzula o nespremenljivi ceni, kogentna narava, metode izračuna razlik v ceni, zamuda.
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-150965
• COBISS.SI-ID: 169248515
• Publication date in RUL: 26.09.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Price adjustment in construction contracts due to changes in market prices

Abstract

The legal construct of adjustment of the contractual price due to changes in the prices of elements on the market, which is regulated in the Slovenian legislation by the Obligations Code and the Special Usages for Construction, is intended primarily to minimise the risks to which the contractor and the client are exposed due to sudden changes in market prices. Although the legal construct protects both parties, as it provides for the possibility of requesting adjustments of the price for both the contractor and the client, it is mainly used by contractors, as it is rare that the market prices fall unpredictably. The legislator introduced the mechanisms due to the specific nature of the construction contract, which is characterised by the duration of the performance of the obligations, which exposes both parties to a number of risks, including rapid increases in the prices of materials on the basis of which the parties determine the contractual price. Although this is a special form of the doctrine of changed circumstances, unlike the latter, the law provides for an out-of-court claim for the right to adjust the price (i.e. a unilateral claim), and the parties may request an amendment to the contract, rather than merely a termination of the contract, as is the case under the doctrine of changed circumstances. Of particular importance is the provision of Article 656 of the Code of Obligations, which provides that the contractor may request an adjustment of the contractual price, even if the parties have agreed in the contract that the contractual price is fixed, if the prices for the elements have increased to such an extent that the price for the works should have been more than 10 % higher. This provision is peremptory (i.e. ius cogens), meaning that it cannot be completely excluded by the parties, and as such it limits the contractual autonomy of the parties, but its purpose is to protect the contractor (or the client) against sudden and abrupt changes in the market which could have very serious consequences.

• Keywords: Construction contract, price, price variation, price differences, prices of elements, changed circumstances, risk, unilateral claim, fixed price clause, peremptory norm, methods of calculating price differences, delay.